BIO65 || CH1: The Study of Human Anatomy

Radiology anatomy

study of anatomy using, non-invasive medical imaging technology

Gross Anatomy

(Cadaver Anatomy) - to study the structures of the human body by literally cutting through a cadaver to visualize what lays beneath the skin

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain

Situs solitus

normal arrangement of organs

situs inversus

reversed position of organs

Respiratory System

Consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
--> Function: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech

Nervous System

Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
--> Function: rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control & sensation

Urinary System

Consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
--> Function: elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume & pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance; detoxification

Median Plane (midsagittal plane)

sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

Caudal

toward the tail or inferior end

Deep

farther from the body surface

Anatomy

study of the structural basis of the body

Physiology

study of the functional relevance of a structure

Surface Anatomy

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

Systemic Anatomy

studies the anatomy of each functional body system

Regional Anatomy

studies specific regions of the body

Histology (microscopic anatomy)

the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs, working with microscopes

Methods of Studying Anatomical Study

Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation, Percussion, Dissection

inspection

looking at surface appearance

Palpation

feeling, touching a surface

Auscultation

listening to normal sounds

Percussion

tapping and listening

Dissection

cutting and separating of tissues

Radiology

branch of medicine concerned with imaging

Invasive

Inserting or entering into a body part

Non-invasive

no penetration of the body

Radiography

X-ray or radiograph

Contrast medium

an X-ray absorbing substance used to fill a body organ so the organ can be seen on a radiograph

Angiography

x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material

Computed Tomography (CT scan)

x-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures (looking from the direction of feet to head) --> equivalent radiation does of 100-200 simple chest x-rays

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

a method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream

Sonography

reflection of ultrasound waves

Sonogram

an image formed using reflected ultrasound waves; obstetrics, emergency medicine, other diagnostic procedures

Echocardiography

ultrasound recording of heart function

situs perversus

one organ atypically positioned

Levels of Human Structure

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

11 organ systems

1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Circulatory
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive

Integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail
--> Function: protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication

Skeletal System

Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments
--> Function: support, movement, protection enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid-base balance

Muscular System

Consists of Skeletal Muscles
--> Function: movement, stability, communication, control, of body openings, heat production

Lymphatic System

Consists of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
--> Function: recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against diseases

Digestive System

Consists of teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
--> Function: nutrient breakdown & absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins & minerals; synthesis of plasma protein, disposal of drugs, toxins and hormones, and cleansing of blood

Endocrine System

Consists of pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries
--> Function: hormone production, internal chemical communication & coordination

Circulatory System

Consists of heart, blood vessels
--> Function: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes and acid-base balance

Reproductive System (male)

consists of testes, epididymites, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis
--> Function: production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones

Reproductive System (female)

consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva, mammary gland
--> Function: produce/maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, support development of embryo, function in birth process

Frontal Plane

(also known as coronal plane); anterior (front) & posterior (back) portions

Sagittal Plane

divides body into left and right

Parasagittal Plane

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

Transverse Plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

Anterior

front of the body

Posterior

back of body

Ventral

anterior (front) side

Dorsal

posterior (back) side

Superior

above; toward the head

Inferior

Below; toward the feet

Cephalic

toward the head or superior end

Rostral

toward the forehead or nose

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment/origin

Distal

away from the point of attachment/origin

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

Contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

Superficial

closer to the body surface

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward (supinated)

supinated

palms up

pronated

palms down