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Radiology anatomy
study of anatomy using, non-invasive medical imaging technology
Gross Anatomy
(Cadaver Anatomy) - to study the structures of the human body by literally cutting through a cadaver to visualize what lays beneath the skin
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain
Situs solitus
normal arrangement of organs
situs inversus
reversed position of organs
Respiratory System
Consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
--> Function: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech
Nervous System
Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
--> Function: rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control & sensation
Urinary System
Consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
--> Function: elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume & pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance; detoxification
Median Plane (midsagittal plane)
sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
Caudal
toward the tail or inferior end
Deep
farther from the body surface
Anatomy
study of the structural basis of the body
Physiology
study of the functional relevance of a structure
Surface Anatomy
the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Systemic Anatomy
studies the anatomy of each functional body system
Regional Anatomy
studies specific regions of the body
Histology (microscopic anatomy)
the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs, working with microscopes
Methods of Studying Anatomical Study
Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation, Percussion, Dissection
inspection
looking at surface appearance
Palpation
feeling, touching a surface
Auscultation
listening to normal sounds
Percussion
tapping and listening
Dissection
cutting and separating of tissues
Radiology
branch of medicine concerned with imaging
Invasive
Inserting or entering into a body part
Non-invasive
no penetration of the body
Radiography
X-ray or radiograph
Contrast medium
an X-ray absorbing substance used to fill a body organ so the organ can be seen on a radiograph
Angiography
x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material
Computed Tomography (CT scan)
x-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures (looking from the direction of feet to head) --> equivalent radiation does of 100-200 simple chest x-rays
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
a method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream
Sonography
reflection of ultrasound waves
Sonogram
an image formed using reflected ultrasound waves; obstetrics, emergency medicine, other diagnostic procedures
Echocardiography
ultrasound recording of heart function
situs perversus
one organ atypically positioned
Levels of Human Structure
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
11 organ systems
1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Circulatory
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive
Integumentary system
Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail
--> Function: protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication
Skeletal System
Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments
--> Function: support, movement, protection enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte and acid-base balance
Muscular System
Consists of Skeletal Muscles
--> Function: movement, stability, communication, control, of body openings, heat production
Lymphatic System
Consists of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
--> Function: recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against diseases
Digestive System
Consists of teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
--> Function: nutrient breakdown & absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins & minerals; synthesis of plasma protein, disposal of drugs, toxins and hormones, and cleansing of blood
Endocrine System
Consists of pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries
--> Function: hormone production, internal chemical communication & coordination
Circulatory System
Consists of heart, blood vessels
--> Function: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes and acid-base balance
Reproductive System (male)
consists of testes, epididymites, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis
--> Function: production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones
Reproductive System (female)
consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva, mammary gland
--> Function: produce/maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, support development of embryo, function in birth process
Frontal Plane
(also known as coronal plane); anterior (front) & posterior (back) portions
Sagittal Plane
divides body into left and right
Parasagittal Plane
Divides body into unequal right and left sides
Transverse Plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
Anterior
front of the body
Posterior
back of body
Ventral
anterior (front) side
Dorsal
posterior (back) side
Superior
above; toward the head
Inferior
Below; toward the feet
Cephalic
toward the head or superior end
Rostral
toward the forehead or nose
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment/origin
Distal
away from the point of attachment/origin
Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
Contralateral
on the opposite side of the body
Superficial
closer to the body surface
anatomical position
To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward (supinated)
supinated
palms up
pronated
palms down