relationship between the portion of earth being studied and earth as a whole
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spatial analysis
the study through observation and/or a scientific technique of how people/structures/ items are arranged within a space
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environmental determinism
a philosophy of geography that stated that human behaviors are a direct result of the surrounding environment
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possibilism
the theory that they physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
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cultural landscape
a combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry and physical features like climate and vegetation. the effect humans have in the environment
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region
an area of earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics
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geographic information system (GIS)
captures, stores, queries, and displays geographic data
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global positioning system (GPS)
a system that determines the precise position of something on earth
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human-environment interaction
the effect that humans have on their environment and the effect that the environment has on humans
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land ordinance of 1785
how ownership of the vast lands in the Northwest Territory would legally transfer from the federal government to states individual landowners
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Mercator projection
a projection of the globe with more accurate shapes and directions but not accurate continent sizes
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census data
specific information about people
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Robinson projection
a projection of the globe that has accurate size but less accurate shape
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time zones
an area which observes a uniform time for commercial and social reasons
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toponym
the name given to a certain point on earth
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longitude
the system to identify the location of each meridian on the earths surface
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latitude
the numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel
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formal/uniform region
area in which (nearly) everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics
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vernacular/perceptual region
area that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity
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functional/nodal region
area organized around a node or focal point
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site
the physical characteristics of a place
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situation
the location of a place relative to other places
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cultural ecology
a geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships
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prime meridian
the meridian with 0 degrees in longitude
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polder
land that the Dutch have created by draining water from an area
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LDC’s
a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development
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MDC’s
a relatively developed country that is advanced socially and economically
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hearth
a place where innovation originates
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distribution
the arrangement of a feature in space
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density
the frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area
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space-time compression
the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communication and transport systems
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distance decay
the diminished importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
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gravity model
a model which holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service
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diffusion
the process of which one feature is spread from one place to another
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relocation diffusion
the spread of an idea through the movement of people from one place to another
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expansion diffusion
the spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process
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hierarchical diffusion
spread of ideas from authority
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contagious diffusion
rapid widespread of ideas in a population
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stimulus diffusion
the spread of a underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse
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friction of distance
the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort, money and/or energy to overcome
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globalization
the process of making something worldwide in scope
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demography
the scientific study if population characteristics
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overpopulation
when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard
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ecumene
a portion of the earths surface occupied by a permanent human settlement
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arithmetic density
the total number of people divided by the total land area
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physiological density
the number of people per unit area of arable land which is land suitable for agriculture
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agricultural density
the ratio of farmers to the total land suitable for agriculture
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crude birth rate (CBR)
the total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society
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crude death rate (CDR)
the total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society
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natural increase rate (NIR)
the percentage of growth of a population in a year computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate
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doubling time
the number if years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase
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total fertility rate (TFR)
the average number if children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
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infant mortality rate (IMR)
the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1000 live births in a society
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life expectancy
the average number of years an individual can be expected to live given current social economic and medical conditions
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demographic transition model (DTM)
a model of the process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase and higher total population
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agricultural revolution
the time when human beings domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
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industrial revolution
a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
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medical revolution
medical tech invented in europe and north america that has diffused to the poorer countries in latin america, asia and africa
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zero population growth (ZPG)
a decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
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population pyramid
a bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex
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dependency ratio
the number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
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elderly support ratio
the number if working age people (ages 15-64) divided by number of people 65 and older
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sex ratio
the number of males per 100 females in the population
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epidemiological transition model (ETM)
the process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of demographic transition
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pandemic
disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
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Migration
a permanent move to a new location
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emigration
migration from a location
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immigration
migration to a new location
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net migration
the difference between the level of immigration and the level or emigration
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circulation
types of short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis such as daily, monthly or annually
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ravenstein’s laws
laws/generalizations about where and why migrants move
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push factor
a factor that induces people to move out of their present location
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pull factor
a factor that attracts people to move to that place
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refugee
someone who is forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership to a social or political group
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intervening obstacle
an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
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international migration
the permanent movement from one country to another
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voluntary migration
choosing to move usually attracted by a pull factor like economic benifit
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forced migration
compelled to move by cultural or environmental factors
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internal migration
permanent movement within a particular country
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interregional migration
migration from one region of a country to another region of that country
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intraregional migration
movement within one region
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migration transition model
model that shows a change in migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth and other social and economic changes that also produce demographic transition
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chain migration
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
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quotas
in reference to migration, a law that places a maximum limit on the number of people that can migrate to a country per year
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brain drain
large scale emigration by talented people
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guest workers
a term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of northern and western europe, usually from southern and eastern europe or from north africa in search of higher paying jobs
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nativism
a policy of favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants
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counter-urbanization
net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
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remittances
the transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated
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Habit
a repetitive act performed by a particular individual
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custom
the frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes a characteristic of the group of people performing the act
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folk culture
culture traditionally practice by a small homogenous, rural group living in relative isolation
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popular culture
culture found in large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
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cultural hearth
the region which certain cultures originate
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material culture
the physical aspects of a society, the objects made or modified by a human
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taboo
a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom
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terrior
the contribution of a locations distinctive physical features to the way food tastes
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assimilation
the process by which a groups cultural features are altered to resemble those of another more dominant group
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acculturation
the process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each which retains distinct features
Studied by 1145 people
Note 
Flashcard (124)