AP HUG MEGA REVIEW!!!

cartography

the process of map making

scale

relationship between the portion of earth being studied and earth as a whole

spatial analysis

the study through observation and/or a scientific technique of how people/structures/ items are arranged within a space

environmental determinism

a philosophy of geography that stated that human behaviors are a direct result of the surrounding environment

possibilism

the theory that they physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives

cultural landscape

a combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry and physical features like climate and vegetation. the effect humans have in the environment

region

an area of earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics

geographic information system (GIS)

captures, stores, queries, and displays geographic data

global positioning system (GPS)

a system that determines the precise position of something on earth

human-environment interaction

the effect that humans have on their environment and the effect that the environment has on humans

land ordinance of 1785

how ownership of the vast lands in the Northwest Territory would legally transfer from the federal government to states individual landowners

Mercator projection

a projection of the globe with more accurate shapes and directions but not accurate continent sizes

census data

specific information about people

Robinson projection

a projection of the globe that has accurate size but less accurate shape

time zones

an area which observes a uniform time for commercial and social reasons

toponym

the name given to a certain point on earth

longitude

the system to identify the location of each meridian on the earths surface

latitude

the numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel

formal/uniform region

area in which (nearly) everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics

vernacular/perceptual region

area that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity

functional/nodal region

area organized around a node or focal point

site

the physical characteristics of a place

situation

the location of a place relative to other places

cultural ecology

a geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships

prime meridian

the meridian with 0 degrees in longitude

polder

land that the Dutch have created by draining water from an area

LDC’s

a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development

MDC’s

a relatively developed country that is advanced socially and economically

hearth

a place where innovation originates

distribution

the arrangement of a feature in space

density

the frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area

space-time compression

the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communication and transport systems

distance decay

the diminished importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin

gravity model

a model which holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service

diffusion

the process of which one feature is spread from one place to another

relocation diffusion

the spread of an idea through the movement of people from one place to another

expansion diffusion

the spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process

hierarchical diffusion

spread of ideas from authority

contagious diffusion

rapid widespread of ideas in a population

stimulus diffusion

the spread of a underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse

friction of distance

the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort, money and/or energy to overcome

globalization

the process of making something worldwide in scope

demography

the scientific study if population characteristics

overpopulation

when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard

ecumene

a portion of the earths surface occupied by a permanent human settlement

arithmetic density

the total number of people divided by the total land area

physiological density

the number of people per unit area of arable land which is land suitable for agriculture

agricultural density

the ratio of farmers to the total land suitable for agriculture

crude birth rate (CBR)

the total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society

crude death rate (CDR)

the total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society

natural increase rate (NIR)

the percentage of growth of a population in a year computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

doubling time

the number if years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number if children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

infant mortality rate (IMR)

the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year of age for every 1000 live births in a society

life expectancy

the average number of years an individual can be expected to live given current social economic and medical conditions

demographic transition model (DTM)

a model of the process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase and higher total population

agricultural revolution

the time when human beings domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

industrial revolution

a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

medical revolution

medical tech invented in europe and north america that has diffused to the poorer countries in latin america, asia and africa

zero population growth (ZPG)

a decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero

population pyramid

a bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

dependency ratio

the number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

elderly support ratio

the number if working age people (ages 15-64) divided by number of people 65 and older

sex ratio

the number of males per 100 females in the population

epidemiological transition model (ETM)

the process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of demographic transition

pandemic

disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

Migration

a permanent move to a new location

emigration

migration from a location

immigration

migration to a new location

net migration

the difference between the level of immigration and the level or emigration

circulation

types of short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis such as daily, monthly or annually

ravenstein’s laws

laws/generalizations about where and why migrants move

push factor

a factor that induces people to move out of their present location

pull factor

a factor that attracts people to move to that place

refugee

someone who is forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership to a social or political group

intervening obstacle

an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

international migration

the permanent movement from one country to another

voluntary migration

choosing to move usually attracted by a pull factor like economic benifit

forced migration

compelled to move by cultural or environmental factors

internal migration

permanent movement within a particular country

interregional migration

migration from one region of a country to another region of that country

intraregional migration

movement within one region

migration transition model

model that shows a change in migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth and other social and economic changes that also produce demographic transition

chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

quotas

in reference to migration, a law that places a maximum limit on the number of people that can migrate to a country per year

brain drain

large scale emigration by talented people

guest workers

a term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of northern and western europe, usually from southern and eastern europe or from north africa in search of higher paying jobs

nativism

a policy of favoring native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants

counter-urbanization

net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

remittances

the transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated

Habit

a repetitive act performed by a particular individual

custom

the frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes a characteristic of the group of people performing the act

folk culture

culture traditionally practice by a small homogenous, rural group living in relative isolation

popular culture

culture found in large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics

cultural hearth

the region which certain cultures originate

material culture

the physical aspects of a society, the objects made or modified by a human

taboo

a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom

terrior

the contribution of a locations distinctive physical features to the way food tastes

assimilation

the process by which a groups cultural features are altered to resemble those of another more dominant group

acculturation

the process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each which retains distinct features