Economic: In what ways did the economy, trade and empire change 1625–88?

Theme 4. In what ways did the economy, trade and empire change 1625–88?

3 reasons for agricultural change

1. increased demand due to population growth

2. increased literacy rates

3. capital investment

why did increased demand cause agricultural change

population growth had caused food shortages and widespread poverty so changes were needed to increase agricultural output

why did increased literacy levels cause agricultural change

more yeoman and husbandmen were able to make use of book containing information on agricultural techniques

what was the impact of dutch migration on agricultural changes

brought new irrigation systems

why did capital investment cause agricultural change

it meant higher gentry and the aristocracy could invest in large scale modernistion as they bought neighbouring farms to create 1 big one

by what year did the new large farms of the nobility thrive

1650

what did the nobility do with the large ammount of crops grown on their larger farms

sold it to the national market

What were some limitations to the national market?

1. They existed but didnt dominate the eocnomy as many farmers till supplied to small local markets (struggled in scotland+ireland due to bad transport)

2. Ireland was too small to form large towns

3. Scotlands communication was too bad for a market

4. Huge demand for food in London drained resources of other communities in the South-East

5. Basic commodities prices in 1650 were 6 times higher than 1500

6. London brewers outbid other towns when purchasing barley destryoing other towns

how did the use of a farm change between 1600-1700

changed from subsisdesubsistencence farming to large scale crop specialisation and a national market

what percent of agricultural land in the east midlands by 1700 was part of large estates compared to in 1600

53.6% from 32.2%

how did large landowners force tenant farmers to specialise and did this have benbenefitsefit to both parties ?

by charging them high rent wich forced them to specialise in order to creat enougb profit for the rent ( effectively both profitted off of this as overall money increased)

traditionally how many feilds were left fallow each year

1/3

did crop rotation already exist and if so what changed

yes- 4 feild crop rotation was introduced and nitrogen rich crops were added in the fallow years

how was the 4 year crop rotation scheme better than the traditional crop rotation

it allowed more fields to be used in any given year therfore increased yeild

how did fertilisers help in crop rotation

they made sure soild was bettter replenishes with nutrients ready for when it was planted in the next year

what was the ration of arable land to fallow land in 1420 and in 1700?

1420- 7 million acres arable : 3 million acres fallow

1700-9 million acres arable: 1.8 million acreas fallow

what new crops were introduced for the nobility and why was this significant ?

artichokes and asparagus as nobility would pay a lot of money for them thus increasing the profit

what new crop was introduced for fertilisastion

clover

what are new crops that were intoduced into england in the 17th century?

Artichokes

Asparagus

What did the poor still largely rely on despite new crops?

Bread based diet

When had Britain exceed all other European countries regarding agriculture?

1640s

Who was Britain unable to exceed in agriculture in the 1640s?

Holland

What was the average number of days worked in agriculture from 1450s compared to the 1700s?

266

405

What were water medows used for?

Provide damp soil reducing frost and encouraging grass to grow

what benefit did water medows provide x4

1. reduced chance of frost in spring so crops could be planted sooner

2. grass could be grazed earlier thus able to recover for harvest in theautumnplantedn

3. allowed farmers to have more working animals increasing speed of work on the farm

4. more fields could be used at the same time so livestock such as sheep could be separated for selective breeding

on averagr how mnay horses were used in 1600 compared to 1700

1600- 300,000

1700- 630,000

Did the number of non working animals increase in the 1700s?

Yes

what was enclosure

the consolidation of scattered small holdings into large farms run by a single landowner by fencing them off

what was a benefit of encolure

made it easier for

crop specialisation

the introduction of new techniques

spearation of different animlas

How did Peasants and small landownders react to enclosure?

Protests

how did encolure ensure better success for crop specialisation

it reduced the competition for a crop in the national market as crops were specialised in a certain area of the country so less farms in that area = less competition

when did encolure start to gain momnetum

1660

when did peasants come to accept encolure

1650

whas there encloure previous to the stuart period

It began under the Tudors

what was specialised farming

growing crops it specific areas where they were most suited to the condiditons

what was the SE of england used for - in regards to agriculture-and why

arable farming as it was wetter and warmer

what was the NW of england used for - in regards to agriculture

pastoral farming

what did specialised farming lead to the formation of

a national market

what was the impact of specialised farming on yeoman

positive as they had losts of land to experiement on and so they were sheltered from poor harvest

what was the impact of specialised farming on husbandmen

negative as they had little land to profit off of specialisation as they couldnt produce a high enough yeild

how mauch land did husbandmen have

less than 40 acreas

What act allowed employing labourers from other parishes to be easier?

Settlement act 1662

What did the growth of towns and ports cause to grow but was still limited?

Stable employmemnt

what were market gardens

specialist producers of fruits and vegetables for sale in London

what was a positive effect of market garden for the economy

by 1640 britain had the largest agricultural output in europe

name 6 new agricultural techniques that were introduced in the 1600s

1. market gardens

2. enclosure

3. specialised farming

4. water meadows

5. crop rotation

6. new crops

Where was investment in large scale farms most ecident?

South Midlands

What did investment allow farmers to do?

Concentrate of supplying markets where demand was high

benefits for the aristocracy in regards to agricultural changes

1. had the potential to benefit massively if they invested time and money due to their large scale farms

2. could afford the costs of new techniques

3. could increased tenant farmers rent and loan interest

limitations to the aristocracy in regards to agricultural changes

less likely to proactively implement the new techniques as they left the managing fo their farms to others

benefits for the yeoman in regards to agricultural changes

1. mostly benefited

2. lots of land so they were sheltered from poor profit

3. increased food demand meant they could profit more and the expense of implementing new techniques payed off

limitation for the yeoman farmers in regards to agricultural changes

1. risk of faliure of new techniques existed

2. not all could afford the most drastic techniques such as water meadows

benefits for husbandmen in regards to agricultural changes

1. some landlords offered them loans to invest

2. could specialise if they knew what worked in the local area and tap into the emerging markets

limitations for the husbandmen in regards to agricultural changes

1. had little land so had lost of competition from large landowners who could sell for cheaper

2. couldnt afford new techniques without help

3. couldnt afford the risk involved

what commodity was the centre of trade in england since the middle ages

Wool

causes of expansion in the wool trade x2

1. population growth

2. growth of international markets

What had farmers began to do in this period?

Select for beneficial sheep

what key feature of the woll industry mean that population growth caused an expansion

it was run through the domestic putting out system

what was the value of national exports of cloth in the 1560s comapred to the value of exports in london in 1660s

1560s - 600,000

1660s- 1 500 000

limitation to the following statistic ‘ the value of national exports of cloth in the 1560s comapred to the value of exports in london in 1660s’

partly due to inflation

did the nature of the cloth industry change or conitune to to be roughly the same

continuation

it was built on the existing wool trade

used the putting-out system

little mechanisation

in 1640 what percent of international trade did the cloth trade make up as opposed to in 1700

1640- 92%

1700- 72%

shows slight change as it diversified into other goods

by how many folds did the value of the cloth industry increase between 1485 - 1715 and why can we rule out the impact of inflation of this stat

by 15 folds which exeeds the increase expereicned by other comodities

benefits of the putting out system

1. easy to contract and let go of labour when necessary

2. peasant families already skilled

3. freedom from taxes and regualtions put in place by guilds as it was home based

what changed in the cloth industry in 1640

cloth started to be finished in england due to Dutch immigration

what caused regional diversification in the cloth industry

the domestic labour force

what cloth was formed in lancashire

coarse cloth

what cloth was formed in the west country and what was its use

hard-wearing broad cloth which was exported to the low countries

what cloth was formed in yorkshire

staple wools

what cloth was formed in east anglia

new draperies

why was cloth origionally sent to haolland to be dyed and finished

the british workforceBritish lacked the skills needed

what caused dutch immigration to england

fleeing protestant religious persecution

what privallage did the dutch have that the local cloth merchants hated

had privileged access to the inspection hall of cloths so they could claim they made any of the cloths there

why did the town councils give the duth privalleged access to the cloths being inspected

they knew cloth would sell better if under the seal of a durch merchant or maker

what other group migrated to england fleeing religious persecution

french protestants

what did french protestant mirgrants bring to england

silversmiths, watchmakers,artisans,weavers

where did the french protestants settle in england

spitalfeilds

how many dutch protestants settled in colchester between 1565-68

1,500

why did new drapiers become popular in europe

lighter and seen as more luxurious

what was the negative impact of new drapiers in england

Traditional British cloth centres fell into decline as heavy woollen cloth had become the centre of british cloth trade

change

what happeend to the output of heavy wool trade in britian

output levels remained relatively high in specific areas

what two towns became centres for new draperies

norwich and colchester

impacts of immigration of the cloth trade x4

1. employment increased

2. new cloth types introduced

3. increased reputation

4. better technology

what was the percentage employed in the cloth trade in colchester 1619 and 1699

1619- 26.4%

1699- 40%

what developed in maidstone as a result of immigartion for the cloth trade

apprenticeships to dutch cloth merchants

name a new cloth types produced

1. worsted draperies

what was a downfall about worsted draperies

they took a high level of skill as woven not carded

why did worsted draperies appeal to the international market

they were cheap and versatil- better than englsih cloth but cheaper than dutch cloth

what proved that the influence of dutch merchants improve the reputation of english cloth

merchants on the continent were happy to buy withoutsample reviewing a sample first

what new peice of technology was introduced in the cloth trade

the frame knitting machine

what was a downfall of the frame nitting machine

could only be used to make small items such as stockings and gloves so not helpful for the international trade- could argue that people spent less time making domestic products so could devote that time to the trade cloths

How much of Londons grain was brought via the Thames from 1605 to 1661

500,000 quarters

1,150,000

Where was coal transported between and how?

Newcastle to London

via the East Coat

What rivers were dredged and widened to transport goods?

Servern

Ouse

Thames

What regarding transport was improved and allowed trade to further develop?

Roads

Which act allowed for creation of toll roads by merhcants and bussinessmen?

Turnpike Act 1663

What was published in 1675?

Road Atlas

Who created the Road Atlas?

John Ogilby