Studied by 2 people
Theme 4. In what ways did the economy, trade and empire change 1625–88?
3 reasons for agricultural change
increased demand due to population growth
increased literacy rates
capital investment
why did increased demand cause agricultural change
population growth had caused food shortages and widespread poverty so changes were needed to increase agricultural output
why did increased literacy levels cause agricultural change
more yeoman and husbandmen were able to make use of book containing information on agricultural techniques
what was the impact of dutch migration on agricultural changes
brought new irrigation systems
why did capital investment cause agricultural change
it meant higher gentry and the aristocracy could invest in large scale modernistion as they bought neighbouring farms to create 1 big one
by what year did the new large farms of the nobility thrive
1650
what did the nobility do with the large ammount of crops grown on their larger farms
sold it to the national market
What were some limitations to the national market?
They existed but didnt dominate the eocnomy as many farmers till supplied to small local markets (struggled in scotland+ireland due to bad transport)
Ireland was too small to form large towns
Scotlands communication was too bad for a market
Huge demand for food in London drained resources of other communities in the South-East
Basic commodities prices in 1650 were 6 times higher than 1500
London brewers outbid other towns when purchasing barley destryoing other towns
how did the use of a farm change between 1600-1700
changed from subsisdesubsistencence farming to large scale crop specialisation and a national market
what percent of agricultural land in the east midlands by 1700 was part of large estates compared to in 1600
53.6% from 32.2%
how did large landowners force tenant farmers to specialise and did this have benbenefitsefit to both parties ?
by charging them high rent wich forced them to specialise in order to creat enougb profit for the rent ( effectively both profitted off of this as overall money increased)
traditionally how many feilds were left fallow each year
1/3
did crop rotation already exist and if so what changed
yes- 4 feild crop rotation was introduced and nitrogen rich crops were added in the fallow years
how was the 4 year crop rotation scheme better than the traditional crop rotation
it allowed more fields to be used in any given year therfore increased yeild
how did fertilisers help in crop rotation
they made sure soild was bettter replenishes with nutrients ready for when it was planted in the next year
what was the ration of arable land to fallow land in 1420 and in 1700?
1420- 7 million acres arable : 3 million acres fallow
1700-9 million acres arable: 1.8 million acreas fallow
what new crops were introduced for the nobility and why was this significant ?
artichokes and asparagus as nobility would pay a lot of money for them thus increasing the profit
what new crop was introduced for fertilisastion
clover
what are new crops that were intoduced into england in the 17th century?
Artichokes
Asparagus
What did the poor still largely rely on despite new crops?
Bread based diet
When had Britain exceed all other European countries regarding agriculture?
1640s
Who was Britain unable to exceed in agriculture in the 1640s?
Holland
What was the average number of days worked in agriculture from 1450s compared to the 1700s?
266
405
What were water medows used for?
Provide damp soil reducing frost and encouraging grass to grow
what benefit did water medows provide x4
reduced chance of frost in spring so crops could be planted sooner
grass could be grazed earlier thus able to recover for harvest in theautumnplantedn
allowed farmers to have more working animals increasing speed of work on the farm
more fields could be used at the same time so livestock such as sheep could be separated for selective breeding
on averagr how mnay horses were used in 1600 compared to 1700
1600- 300,000
1700- 630,000
Did the number of non working animals increase in the 1700s?
Yes
what was enclosure
the consolidation of scattered small holdings into large farms run by a single landowner by fencing them off
what was a benefit of encolure
made it easier for
crop specialisation
the introduction of new techniques
spearation of different animlas
How did Peasants and small landownders react to enclosure?
Protests
how did encolure ensure better success for crop specialisation
it reduced the competition for a crop in the national market as crops were specialised in a certain area of the country so less farms in that area = less competition
when did encolure start to gain momnetum
1660
when did peasants come to accept encolure
1650
whas there encloure previous to the stuart period
It began under the Tudors
what was specialised farming
growing crops it specific areas where they were most suited to the condiditons
what was the SE of england used for - in regards to agriculture-and why
arable farming as it was wetter and warmer
what was the NW of england used for - in regards to agriculture
pastoral farming
what did specialised farming lead to the formation of
a national market
what was the impact of specialised farming on yeoman
positive as they had losts of land to experiement on and so they were sheltered from poor harvest
what was the impact of specialised farming on husbandmen
negative as they had little land to profit off of specialisation as they couldnt produce a high enough yeild
how mauch land did husbandmen have
less than 40 acreas
What act allowed employing labourers from other parishes to be easier?
Settlement act 1662
What did the growth of towns and ports cause to grow but was still limited?
Stable employmemnt
what were market gardens
specialist producers of fruits and vegetables for sale in London
what was a positive effect of market garden for the economy
by 1640 britain had the largest agricultural output in europe
name 6 new agricultural techniques that were introduced in the 1600s
market gardens
enclosure
specialised farming
water meadows
crop rotation
new crops
Where was investment in large scale farms most ecident?
South Midlands
What did investment allow farmers to do?
Concentrate of supplying markets where demand was high
benefits for the aristocracy in regards to agricultural changes
had the potential to benefit massively if they invested time and money due to their large scale farms
could afford the costs of new techniques
could increased tenant farmers rent and loan interest
limitations to the aristocracy in regards to agricultural changes
less likely to proactively implement the new techniques as they left the managing fo their farms to others
benefits for the yeoman in regards to agricultural changes
mostly benefited
lots of land so they were sheltered from poor profit
increased food demand meant they could profit more and the expense of implementing new techniques payed off
limitation for the yeoman farmers in regards to agricultural changes
risk of faliure of new techniques existed
not all could afford the most drastic techniques such as water meadows
benefits for husbandmen in regards to agricultural changes
some landlords offered them loans to invest
could specialise if they knew what worked in the local area and tap into the emerging markets
limitations for the husbandmen in regards to agricultural changes
had little land so had lost of competition from large landowners who could sell for cheaper
couldnt afford new techniques without help
couldnt afford the risk involved
what commodity was the centre of trade in england since the middle ages
Wool
causes of expansion in the wool trade x2
population growth
growth of international markets
What had farmers began to do in this period?
Select for beneficial sheep
what key feature of the woll industry mean that population growth caused an expansion
it was run through the domestic putting out system
what was the value of national exports of cloth in the 1560s comapred to the value of exports in london in 1660s
1560s - 600,000
1660s- 1 500 000
limitation to the following statistic ‘ the value of national exports of cloth in the 1560s comapred to the value of exports in london in 1660s’
partly due to inflation
did the nature of the cloth industry change or conitune to to be roughly the same
continuation
it was built on the existing wool trade
used the putting-out system
little mechanisation
in 1640 what percent of international trade did the cloth trade make up as opposed to in 1700
1640- 92%
1700- 72%
shows slight change as it diversified into other goods
by how many folds did the value of the cloth industry increase between 1485 - 1715 and why can we rule out the impact of inflation of this stat
by 15 folds which exeeds the increase expereicned by other comodities
benefits of the putting out system
easy to contract and let go of labour when necessary
peasant families already skilled
freedom from taxes and regualtions put in place by guilds as it was home based
what changed in the cloth industry in 1640
cloth started to be finished in england due to Dutch immigration
what caused regional diversification in the cloth industry
the domestic labour force
what cloth was formed in lancashire
coarse cloth
what cloth was formed in the west country and what was its use
hard-wearing broad cloth which was exported to the low countries
what cloth was formed in yorkshire
staple wools
what cloth was formed in east anglia
new draperies
why was cloth origionally sent to haolland to be dyed and finished
the british workforceBritish lacked the skills needed
what caused dutch immigration to england
fleeing protestant religious persecution
what privallage did the dutch have that the local cloth merchants hated
had privileged access to the inspection hall of cloths so they could claim they made any of the cloths there
why did the town councils give the duth privalleged access to the cloths being inspected
they knew cloth would sell better if under the seal of a durch merchant or maker
what other group migrated to england fleeing religious persecution
french protestants
what did french protestant mirgrants bring to england
silversmiths, watchmakers,artisans,weavers
where did the french protestants settle in england
spitalfeilds
how many dutch protestants settled in colchester between 1565-68
1,500
why did new drapiers become popular in europe
lighter and seen as more luxurious
what was the negative impact of new drapiers in england
Traditional British cloth centres fell into decline as heavy woollen cloth had become the centre of british cloth trade
change
what happeend to the output of heavy wool trade in britian
output levels remained relatively high in specific areas
what two towns became centres for new draperies
norwich and colchester
impacts of immigration of the cloth trade x4
employment increased
new cloth types introduced
increased reputation
better technology
what was the percentage employed in the cloth trade in colchester 1619 and 1699
1619- 26.4%
1699- 40%
what developed in maidstone as a result of immigartion for the cloth trade
apprenticeships to dutch cloth merchants
name a new cloth types produced
worsted draperies
what was a downfall about worsted draperies
they took a high level of skill as woven not carded
why did worsted draperies appeal to the international market
they were cheap and versatil- better than englsih cloth but cheaper than dutch cloth
what proved that the influence of dutch merchants improve the reputation of english cloth
merchants on the continent were happy to buy withoutsample reviewing a sample first
what new peice of technology was introduced in the cloth trade
the frame knitting machine
what was a downfall of the frame nitting machine
could only be used to make small items such as stockings and gloves so not helpful for the international trade- could argue that people spent less time making domestic products so could devote that time to the trade cloths
How much of Londons grain was brought via the Thames from 1605 to 1661
500,000 quarters
1,150,000
Where was coal transported between and how?
Newcastle to London
via the East Coat
What rivers were dredged and widened to transport goods?
Servern
Ouse
Thames
What regarding transport was improved and allowed trade to further develop?
Roads
Which act allowed for creation of toll roads by merhcants and bussinessmen?
Turnpike Act 1663
What was published in 1675?
Road Atlas
Who created the Road Atlas?
John Ogilby
What are 3 features of the road atlas in 1675?
300 pages
Mapped 7,500 miles of road
