Descriptive and Topographical Terminologies used in the study of Anatomy

Carnivora

Order

Canidae

Family

Canis

Genus

Familiaris

Species

Domestic dog

Common name

Anatomy

It is a branch of biological sciences, which deals with the form and structure of the body and its parts. Parts—what things look like and where they are located

Anatomein

Greek work of anatomy which means “to cut open, to dissect”

• gross anatomy / macroscopic anatomy

• Histology and cytology / microscopic anatomy

• Embryology

• Developmental anatomy

• Teratology

• Pathological anatomy

• Comparative anatomy

Branches of anatomy

Gross anatomy / macroscopic anatomy

The study of structures that can be dissected and observed with the unaided eye or with a lens

HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY/ MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

deals with structures so small we need a microscope to see them clearly, such as cells and tissues.

Embryology

the study of the development of the individual from the fertilized oocyte to birth

Developmental anatomy

study of the development from the zygote to the adult

Teratology

study of abnormal development

Pathological anatomy

study when an animal becomes diseased or its organ functions improperly

Comparative anatomy

study of structures of various species of animal with emphasis on those that aid in classification

a. Topographical / Regional anatomy

b. Systemic / Systematic anatomy

GROSS ANATOMY CAN BE CATEGORIZED BASED ON STUDY OR DISSECTION

Topographical anatomy

all the structures, present in each region or parts of the body are studied in order, in which they should present themselves, in the course of dissection.

Example of Topographical Anatomy

• Anatomy of the neck region-muscles, bones, organs, blood vessels and nerves present in the HEAD

Topographical regions of the dogs

Systemic / Systematic anatomy

The branch of anatomy that deals with the different systems in the animal body-studied one after another

• Skeletal: Bones, joints

• Integumentary: Skin, hair, nails, hooves

• Nervous: CNS & peripheral nerves

• Cardiovascular: Heart, blood vessels

• Respiratory: Lungs, airways

• Digestive: GI tract, accessory organs

• Muscular: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle

• Sensory: General and special sense organs

• Endocrine: Glands and hormones

• Urinary: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

• Reproductive: Male and female reproductive structures

What are the main body systems and their components?

Osteology — focuses on bones

What is the study of the skeletal system called, and what does it focus on?

Myology — studies muscles

Name of study for the muscular system and what it studies

Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems

What system does Splanchnology cover?

The sensory system, especially eye and ear

What is Esthesiology the study of?

• Makes study more intelligible and interesting

• Aids in scientific writing and communication

• Enables clear communication with colleagues

Why is knowing the language of anatomy important?

Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV)

A standardized veterinary anatomical terminology created by the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists to reduce ambiguity from over 50,000 terms for ~5,000 structures.

Plane / anatomical plane

A surface real or imaginary, along which any two points can be connected by a straight line

There are four (4) Anatomical plane of reference. Each plane is an Imaginary "slice" through the body where the canine body can produce movement.

• median plane

• sagittal plane

• transverse plane

• dorsal plane, frontal plane or coronal plane

four (4) Anatomical plane of reference

• Each plane is an imaginary “slice” through the body where the canine body can produce movement.

median plane

• divides the head, or limb, longitudinally into equal right and left halves.

• special kind of sagittal plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves. It could also be called a mid-sagittal plane, but that term is not commonly used.

sagittal plane

• Passes through the head, body, or limb parallel to the median plane.

• plane that runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves.

transverse plane

• A plane across the body that divides it into the cranial ( head—end) and caudal (tail- end)

• divides the animal into upper and lower portions.

• This is sometimes called a cross section

dorsal plane, frontal plane or coronal plane

• Runs at right angles to the median and transverse planes and thus divides the body or head into dorsal and ventral portion

section

cuts through various planes of the body to display internal structures

transverse or cross section

a cut through the transverse plane

sagittal or longitudinal section

a cut through the sagittal plane or long axis dividing the body or structure into unequal right and left halves.

directional terms

describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body.

dorsal

towards the spine

ventral

towards the belly

medial

towards the midline

lateral

away from the midline. towards the side of the animal

cranial

towards the head; on the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and tarsus

rostral

towards the tip of the nose (applies to the head only). Near the muzzle

• applies to the head only

caudal

towards the tail; on the limbs it applies to the carpus and tarsus

recumbency

defined as lying down.

• certain procedures require an animal to be positioned in a particular recumbency.

• dorsal recumbency

• ventral recumbency

• lateral recumbency

types of recumbency

dorsal recumbency

animal is lying on its back

• also known as supine recumbency

ventral recumbency

animal is lying on its belly

• also known as sternal recumbency or prone recumbency

lateral recumbency

animal is lying on its side

• an animal lying on its right side is said to be in right lateral recumbency

internal or inner

Close to, or in the direction of, the center of an organ , body cavity or structure

external or outer

away from the center of an organ or structure

superficial

relatively near the surface of the body or the surface of a solid organ

example: integumentary system (skin)

deep

relatively near the center of the body or the center of a solid organ

example: digestive system

proximal

relatively near the main mass or origin; in the limbs and detail, the attached end of that structure. Located close to the sagittal plane

distal

away from the main mass or origin; greater distance in the limbs and tail. the free end of that structure. Located away from the sagittal plane

radial

On that side of the forearm in which the radius is located

ulnar

On that side of the forearm in which the ulna in located

tibial amd fibular

on the corresponding sides of the leg, the tibial side being medial and the fibular side being lateral

palmar

the aspect of the forepaw (palm of the hand) on which the pads are located. The corresponding surface of the metacarpus and carpus

plantar

the aspect of the hindpaw(sole of the foot) on which the pads are located. The corresponding surface of the metatarsus and tarsus

axial

Lies close to the axis of a central digit ,close to the axis of the limb if this passes between two digits

abaxial

(Ab,away from) positions are at a distance from the reference axis

flexion

the movement of one bone in relation to another in such a manner that the angle formed at their joint is reduced.

The limb is retracted or folded, the digit is bent, the back is arche dorsally

the movement of one bone upon another such that the angle formed at their joint increases.

The limb reaches out, the digit is straightened; the back is straightened

abduction

the movement of a part away from the median plane

adduction

the movement of a part toward the median plane

circumduction

the movement of a part when outlining the surface of a cone. The thoracic limb extended drawing a circle

spine rotation

Refers to the rotation of one spinal vertebrae in relation to its neighbor or neighboring vertebrae along the transverse plane. This is most common in the canine cervical spine (neck), but can also occur in the TL junction or tail

lateral flextion

Refers to the bending of the spine to the side along the dorsal plane and can occur along entirety of the canine spine

supination

rotate the limb outward, laterally

pronation

rotate the limb inward, medially

pronation (internal) roration

• Refers mainly to inward rotation of the ball and socket joint in the hip and shoulder. But can also occur to a small extent in the stifle and in the lower forelimb.

• Refers to motion toward the center of the body.

• Moving the forearm from the supinated position to the pronated (palm backward) position.

• Medial rotation so that the palmar or plantar surface of the paw faces ventrally.

supination (external) rotation

• Refers mainly to outward rotation of the ball and socket joint in the hip and shoulder. But can also occur to a small extent in the stifle and in the lower forelimb.

• it is the rotational movement of the back of the hand facing caudal.

• Refers to the movement of limbs, referring to motion toward the outside plane of the body.

• Lateral rotation of the paw so that the palmar or plantar surface faces medially or dorsally