Making of the Modern World: Unit 4 -- Empires

hegemony (hegemon)

Influence over other nations.

Getting others to follow through influencing

empire

Extensive groups of people under one ruler

Force to conquer and control

Speaks more of the intellectual, political, and cultural debt owed to Rome

What does the saying “all roads lead to Rome” speak of?

City

Republic

Church

Empire

Culture

What was Rome?

Etruscans

Founded Rome. These people lived in Tuscany and ruled northern Italy from Rome through kings

mid 8th century BC (753 B.C.)

When was Rome established?

Prevent the rise of a single ruler (tyrant)

When the Patrician families of the Roman Empire ousted the king in 509 B.C., what was their goal?

Senate

Part of the Roman constitution that was made up of the elders and head of patrician families.

NOT elected

Senate

Consuls

Tribunes

Assemblies

Four parts of the Roman constitution?

Consuls

Part of the Roman consitution that was elected by the Assembly.

They had term limits (serve for 1 year, sit out for 10) and there were always two.

Held the imperium, the power to execute and to go to war

Tribunes

Part of the Roman constitution which was meant to represent the concern of the Plebians (common man)

Assemblies

Part of the Roman constitution

Groups of specialized people (ex: military, Plebians, etc.)

Internal

• Struggle between patrician and plebian

• From oligarchy to democracy to dictatorship

External

• Expansion through conquest

• Italian peninsula, then west, then east

What were some of the key changes in the Republic internally and externally?

Pyrrhus of Epirus (280s BC) won battles against Rome, but couldn’t win the war. Each battle won was too costly

What is the idea between a “pyrrhic victory”?

Expanding Rome met the expanding Carthage

What was the cause of the Punic Wars?

1st Phase (264-241)

• Rome took Sicily

• Rome built a navy

2nd Phase (218-202)

• Hannibal invaded from north (due to Roman navy)

• Battle of Cannae (Hannibal beats Rome)

• Scipio attacked Carthage (to try and draw Hannibal out of Rome)

• Battle of Zarna (Scipio defeats Hannibal)

3rd Phase (146)

• Rome razed Carthage

What were the 3 phases of the Punic War?

• Rome ruled the western Mediterranean basin

• Rome became more cruel with conquered people

• Slavery became more widespread

What were the consequences of the Punic War for Rome?

• Erosion of electoral process

• Military increasingly important

• Professional military (due to so much land conquered, military went from a citizen to professional military)

What were the consequences of Rome’s prolonged warfare?

Proposed land reforms—make rich land owners share land

Didn’t work out too well, the Gracchi brothers got assassinated

How did the Gracchi brothers (130s-120 BC) try to deal with the problem of loss of the independent farmer?

Ended property qualification for service

How did Marius (early 1st century BC), a general, deal with Rome’s problem of growth of military power?

Military power

An increase in what power wears along the fabric of the Republic?

• Use of military to gain power

• Competed for lucrative military assignments

• Use of volunteers, landless men

What was the highlights of the competition amongst the generals, Marius and Sulla, in Rome?

Commentaries on the Gallic Wars

The name of Caesar’s exploits he would send back to Rome to keep his name relevant among Roman citizens

Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus

Formed the 1st Triumvirate

Rubicon

The crossing of what river showed Caesar’s declaration of war against Pompey? This was the “crossing the line” point.

Julius Caesar

Assassinated, 44 BC

Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus

Formed the 2nd Triumvirate

battle of Actium, 30 BC

What was the battle in which Octavian beats Antony (Cleopatra and Antony flee back to Egypt and commit suicide) and serves as the beginning of the Roman Empire?

Octavian

The Augustan Principate

• Caesar (Julius Caesar adopted Octavian as his son—gave him all his wealth, land, and army when he died. As a result, “Caesar” became a title)

• Augustus (“beloved one”)

• Princeps (“1st citizen”)

• Imperator (holds the Imperium)

• Pontifex Maximus (bridge between man and gods)

Besides the Augustan principate, what other titles did Octavian take on?

the strong beginnings were crumbling

What did the year of four emperors (AD 69) show about the Roman Empire?

Octavian to AD 180

The “pax romana” lasted from?

Julio-Claudian emperors

emperors who were connected to Caesar’s family in some way were called?

reestablished peace and order and sets up dynasty

What did Vespasion (Flavian emperors) accomplish?

Diocletian’s reforms (284)

• New administrative structure (vice emperors, co-emperors)

Constantine’s new capital

• Constantinople

What were Rome’s attempts to halt the declines in its empire?

Western

• Latin

• Government crumbled, but church survived

• primacy of the Bishop of Rome

Eastern

• Greek

• Trade with Asia (Silk Road)

• Connection between Emperor and Church (Emperor in charge of church, not Bishop)

How did the Western and Eastern Empires of Rome compare?

Atila the Hun

• From Asia, blocked Rome from eastern expansion

Pushed Germanic tribes and gothic tribes all over Europe and through the Roman Empire

Who led the Barbarian Invasions against Rome and how did this create a domino effect?

• Divided Empire

  • Byzantine empire in the east until 1453

  • Germanic kingdoms in the west

• Eventually, a Muslim empire — middle east and northern Africa

• The Church was the only institution that transcended boundaries in Europe. Almost all Germanic tribes convert to some type of Christianity

What was the aftermath of the Roman Empire?

Middle kingdom

“All under heaven”

Celestial kingdom

Three names China calls itself

Between the Yellow River (flows into Golgi dessert) and Yangtze River

Where did Imperial China develop?

Beginning

• Unification under a strong ruler

• Success, a sign of the Mandate of Heave (external symbol of heaven’s blessing on dynasty)

Peak

• Public works, military expansion

Decline

• Expensive warfare and opulence of court

• Corruption and discontent, a sign of the loss of the Mandate of Heaven

What is the dynastic cycle China experienced?

• Victor of the Warring States period

• “China” from Qin dynasty

• First (only) emperor: Qin Shi Huang Di

• Absolute autocracy

• Standardization of policies

What was the result of the rise of the Qin Dynasty (256 - 210 BC)?

• Too much, too soon

• No successor

• Autocratic power was too brittle and vulnerable

• Overthrown by a peasant who rose to power

What were the reasons for the fall of the Qin dynasty?

• Built on the Qin foundations

• Came from a peasant family

• Focused on centralizing and unifying China

• Expanded the empire further

Under the Han Dynasty (206 BC - AD 220), what did emperor Liu Bang, the Gaozu emperor (r. 206 - 195 BC), accomplish?

• Peak of Han dynasty

• Ruled through a bureaucracy trained in history and traditional texts

• Sima Qian, wrote first text on world history

• Ban Gu, wrote history of the Han dynasty

• Public works (canals, roads, granaries)

Under the Han dynasty (206 BC - AD 220), what did emperor Wu Hou Wudi, the Wu emperor (r. 140 - 87 BC), accomplish?

Confucianism

• Educates

• Values; obeying rule and filial piety

The Han dynasty had an official sponsorship of what religion?

• Connects the Han Dynasty to the Roman Empire

• Period of “Pax Sinica”

What did the Silk Road, set up by the Han empire, accomplish?

• Efficient use of fertilizer and irrigation systems

• Development of plows

• Better food supply led to population growth

What was the agricultural development of the Han dynasty?

Wang Mang (AD 9-23)

How offered a brief interruption to the Han dynasty, but didn’t stay in power long enough to change the dynasty?

• Problems with the Xiongnu

  • Northern pastoral nomads

  • Traders

  • Fierce warriors/horsemen

  • Confined by various tactics

• Uprising of Yellow Turbans (AD 184-205) — showed the loosing of the Mandate of Heaven

• Rise of the Jin dynasty in 266

What sort of problems did the later Han China (23-220) face?

Because of replication — the Roman empire never fully replicated again

How was the Han Empire different from the Roman Empire?

imperialism

The extension of one country’s sphere of influence over other countries (nations) and/or regions by force

British empire

An example of a modern-day empire. Most extensive empire of the world

British empire

an alternative to direct rule (“leadership”/”influence”)

• British “free” empire — bring democracy and “freedom” more so than other countries

• To improve/maintain status in the world

• To protect perceived self-interest

• Industrialization — to acquire raw materials and markets

• to fill power vacuums (failing empires: Ottoman empire, Chinese” and “empty” spaces: African areas (lack of central control)).

• Humanitarian and spiritual concerns

  • “The White Man’s Burden” — burden to “improve”

  • Missionary Societies

What were the British motives for imperialism?

No, its not even Western, but its “supra natural” — its above all cultures

Is mission work cultural imperialism?

• Transportation (steamboats)

  • Gunboat diplomacy (boats with guns on them, basically saying “trade or get shot”

• Communications (telegraph)

• Weaponry (rifle, machine gun)

• Medicine for tropical diseases

  • Quinine - prevents and cures malaria

What were the British means of imperialism?

British wanted trade with China, China interested in trading, but Chinese don’t want to buy from British.

Created trade deficit for British until they realized how badly Chinese wanted opium.

Chinese government wants to stop opium trading, British do not, and fight and win 2 wars.

What was the cause of the British opium wars (1839-1842; 1856 - 1860)?

Opens China to British trade then to Western forces — opens China to Western influence and goods.

What was the consequence of the Opium Wars?

British Empire

Built the Suez Canal, 1869

British and French interests in Egypt — British wanted trade with Egypt and Sudan

What was the cause of the Egypt/Sudan Mahdist rebellion (1898)?

Egyptians gave British whatever they wanted after British quelled rebellion

What was the consequence of the Egypt/Sudan Mahdist rebellion (1898)?

Boers (Dutch farmers)

Who did the British have a rivalry in the South African Cape Colony?

Mass moving of Boers to the North of Africa due to frustrations with British

What was the Great Trek?

Boer War, 1899-1902

The last time British wore red coats.

Ended in a standstill, resulted in union of South Africa

diamonds and gold

The Boer Republics found what in North Africa?

Both, one group is not superior to another, but many good developments (such as quinine) came out of it.

Was imperialism good or bad?

Dominion of Canada, 1867

1st dominion status country. Resulted in the protection for Quebec

aborigines

the native population of the commonwealth of Australia, 1901

Maori

The native population of New Zealand

• Canada

• Australia

• New Zealand

• South Africa

• Ireland

• India

What are the “white colonies” of the British Empire?

India

the “Jewel on the Crown” of the British Empire

East India Company

Established 1600, was allowed to govern over providences in India

Sold tea, cotton, spices, and rum

Gradual expansion of governmental authority

sepoys

Indian troops in the British Indian army

started as a rumor that British used cow and pig fat to coat powder cartridges (to keep powder dry). Cows were sacred to Hindu sepoys and pigs were offensive. It was a representation of British insensitivity.

Led to much stronger British control and rule after they won, along with government changes in India

What started the Indian Mutiny, 1857? What did it lead to?

viceroy

the representative of the British king in India

• Network of railways and telegraph lines

• roads and canals

• schools for English language and institutions

• start of industrialization, but not extensive (British didn’t want competition) — ex: cotton textile production

How did the British influence India?

US

• Monroe Doctrine to limit Europeans in the Americas (bold, US did not have the power to enforce this)

Russia

• Expansion to Vladivostok

• not overseas empire

France

• Expansion into north and west Africa

How did the imperialism done by the British influence the US, Russia, and France?

• Colonization by English and other powers

  • East India Company (est. 1600)

• Company rule (1757-1858)

  • Ended with the Great Mutiny

• British Raj (1858 - 1947)

  • Marked by growing restlessness of nationalism

What was the context of the decolonization of India?

Mohandas Gandhi

• Lawyer, educated in Britain

• Lawyer, in South Africa

  • led protests against British

  • non-violent civil disobedience

• Started Indian National Congress

Nehru

• Lawyer, educated in Britain

• Indian nationalist

• First Prime Minister of India

Jinnah

Formed the Muslim League in India — wanted a separate Muslim state

Amritsar Massacre, 1919

• 400+ killed during a peaceful gathering of Indian protestors

• 1,500 wounded

• Led to a formal non-cooperation movement

Salt March, 1930

Protested the British monopoly on salt production

Encouraged participation in non-violent action

Quit India Movement, 1942

Movement in which

• Gandhi’s speech (August) called for British withdrawal from India (“quit” = “leave”)

• Gandhi called on Indians to refuse to cooperate with the British war effort

• British imprisoned Gandhi and over 100,000 others

• Nonimportation boycotts

• Partition of India, 1947

  • Pakistan for Muslims

  • India for Hindus

  • Bloody transition

• Nehru’s India

  • Practiced non-alignment during Cold War

• Tensions between India and Pakistan, leading to Pakistani civil war

• India and Pakistan as nuclear powers

What was the consequences of the decolonization of India?

Gauls

What people invaded Italy in the early 4th century BC?

Carthage

Who won the battle of Cannae?

tribunes

The Gracchi brothers served as?

44 BC

In what year did Julius Caesar die?

Julius Caesar

Who reformed the calendar in the 1st century (BC)?

tribunes

What officials represented the plebs (plebeians)?

Carthage

In the Punic Wars, Rome fought…?

aristocrats

The patricians were?

peace

The Pax Romana was a time of?

Mark Antony

Who lost the battle of Actium?

Huns

What tribe of people sent the Goth and Germanic tribes scattering across Europe?

east

When the Huns moved into Europe, from which direction did they come?

Octavian

Who won the battle of Actium?

religious

The title pontifex maximus refers to what kind of power?