UNIT 1: Perspectives on Teaching & Learning

Education

Process, components of teaching and instruction of producing observable and measureable behavioral changes in the learner through planned educational activities

Health

State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease of infirmity (WHO)

Health Education

Any combination of planned learning experiences using evidence-based practices and/or sound theories that provide the opportunity to acquire KSA needed to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors

Knowledge, Skills, Attitude

KSA

Health Education

The act of providing information and learning experiences for purposes of behavior change and improved for health of client

Joint Committee for Health Education

States that health education is the process with intellectual, psychological, and social dimensions relating to activities of people to make informed decisions affecting their personal, family, and community well-being

1. Promotion and maintenance of health

2. Prevention of illness

3. Development of Self-Reliant Behaviors

The nurse as a health educator should provide clients with basic information in the terms of these 3 aspects

Promotion and Maintenance of Health

One of the 3 aspects the nurse as a health educator needs to provide clients info of

Resting, taking medications, proper diet

Prevention of Illness

One of the 3 aspects the nurse as a health educator needs to provide clients info of

Wear PPE, hand-washing, vaccination

Development of Self-Reliant Behaviors

One of the 3 aspects the nurse as a health educator needs to provide clients info of

Once patient cooperates with the nurse, they will hopefully continue what they learn

Promoting health and illness prevention are not achieveable if a patient doesn’t have the self-responsibility of healthy behaviors

Process of Health Education

Consists of learning experiences that promote behavior leading to good health

1. Physical Health

2. Emotional Health

3. Mental Health

4. Social Health

5. Spiritual Health

5 Types of Health Addressed by Health Education

Physical Health

One of the 5 Types of Health Addressed by Health Education

Relating to the body

Emotional Health

One of the 5 Types of Health Addressed by Health Education

Relating to stress, strains, anxiety

Mental Health

One of the 5 Types of Health Addressed by Health Education

Relating to the ability to have sound decisions

Social Health

One of the 5 Types of Health Addressed by Health Education

Relating to the ability to relate with others

Spiritual Health

One of the 5 Types of Health Addressed by Health Education

Relating to God

1. Planned opportunity of learning

2. Occurs in a specific setting

3. Program of series of events that gives concepts at appropriate learning levels

4. Based on previous learning

5. Interrelated health to quality of life

6. Interaction between educator and learner

6 Characteristics of the Health Education Process

Planned opportunity of learning

One of the 6 Characteristics of the Health Education Process

Curriculum, schedule, etc are carefully constructed by the nurse and client

Occurs in a specific setting

One of the 6 Characteristics of the Health Education Process

Teaching is conducted in an appropriate environment

Program of series of events that gives concepts at appropriate learning levels

One of the 6 Characteristics of the Health Education Process

Especially those in different age groups, like the elderly, one has to provide teaching for S.O’s

Based on previous learning

One of the 6 Characteristics of the Health Education Process

To check if previous learning is appropriate

Interrelated health to quality of life

One of the 6 Characteristics of the Health Education Process

Need to persuade patient to check up to know their quality of life in the future

Example is checking the blood pressure now will prevent a possible experience of stroke or heart attack

Interaction between educator and learner

One of the 6 Characteristics of the Health Education Process

Nurse must establish rapport/bonding with the patient, having a close but professional relationship

1. Propagates health promotion and disease prevention

2. Used to modify/continue healthy behaviors

3. Provides health information and services

4. Emphasizes good health habits/practices

5. Communicates vital information to the public

6. A form of advocacy

6 Purposes of Health Education

Propagates health promotion and disease prevention

One of the 6 Purposes of Health Education

For example, health education can teach clients how to hand wash, purposes of vaccination, etc

Used to modify/continue healthy behaviors

One of the 6 Purposes of Health Education

For example, a patient diagnosed with diabetes is taught how to use an insulin injection, which won’t be lifetime if the patient becomes able to manage their blood sugar levels.

Provides health information and services

One of the 6 Purposes of Health Education

Refers to services that can improve client’s health status

Emphasizes good health habits/practices

One of the 6 Purposes of Health Education

Highlight that healthy habits start in one's home

Communicates vital information to the public

One of the 6 Purposes of Health Education

Advisories about health

For example, after the eruption of the Kanlaon volcano, wearing face masks for asthmatics was advised

A form of advocacy

One of the 6 Purposes of Health Education

Helping other people improve their lifestyle through vital information

1. Biological

2. Health Resources

3. Society & Environment

3 Types of Health Education

Biological

One of the 3 Types of Health Education

Concerns with bodily care

Health Resources

One of the 3 Types of Health Education

Knowing and sensible use of available health services

Society & Environment

One of the 3 Types of Health Education

Concerns with health policies

1. Enhance knowledge awareness

2. Promotes health, safety, & security

3. Develop and improve community resources

4. Increase productivity & strength of character

5. Disease prevention

6. Minimize healthcare cost

7. Self-Reliant behavior

7 Importance of Health Education

Education Process

A systematic, sequential, logical, science based, planned course of action consisting of two major interdependent operations: teaching and learning.

1. Teaching

2. Learning

2 major interdependent operations the education process consists of

1. Assessment

2. Planning

3. Implementation of teaching plan

4. Evaluation

Basic elements of the education process

Nursing Process

Scientific and systematic problem-solving approach used to identify, prevent and treat actual or potential health problems and promote wellness.

1. Assessment

2. Nursing Diagnosis

3. Planning

4. Implementation

5. Evaluation

According ANA, 2010, what are the steps of the Nursing Process

(1) needs

(2) learning needs

Comparison of the Nursing Process and Education Process

Nursing Process: Assessment of (1) ___

Education Process: Ascertain (2) ___ ___

(1) care

(2) goal setting

(3) teaching

(4) desired outcomes

Comparison of the Nursing Process and Education Process

Nursing Process: Develop (1) ___ plans based on mutual (2) ___ ___

Education Process: Develop (3) ___ plan based on mutually (4) ___ ___

(1) care plans

(2) teaching

Comparison of the Nursing Process and Education Process

Nursing Process: Carry out (1) ___ ___

Education Process: Perform (2) ___

(1) health

(2) behavior

Comparison of the Nursing Process and Education Process

Nursing Process: Determine (1) ___ outcomes

Education Process: Determine (2) ___ outcomes

1. Assessment of needs

2. Develop care plans based on mutual goal setting

3. Carry out care plans

4. Determine health outcomes

List the factors of the bolded process:

Nursing Process vs Education Process

1. Ascertain learning needs

2. Develop teaching plan based on mutually determined outcomes

3. Perform teaching

4. Determine behavior outcomes

List the factors of the bolded process:

Nursing Process vs Education Process

Patient Education

Process of assisting people in learning health-related behaviors that they can incorporate into an everyday life, with the goal of achieving optimal health and independence in self-care

1. Primary Level of Prevention

2. Secondary Level of Prevention

3. Tertiary Level of Prevention

3 Purposes of Patient Education

Primary Level of Prevention

One of the 3 Purposes of Patient Education

Health promotion: healthy lifestyle, adequate sleep, fluids, use of protective equipments

Prevention of illness: vaccination

Secondary Level of Prevention

One of the 3 Purposes of Patient Education

When patient is actively ill need to teach patient

Moving/turning the patient, teaching how to take care of suctioning after tracheostomy

Tertiary Level of Prevention

One of the 3 Purposes of Patient Education

There is still residual deficiency, so there must be long-term care or reconstitution

For example, a stroke patient is unable to move their arm for a month, so they need rehab

Mid 1800 - 20th Century

One of the times for historical foundations for patient education

Development of organized health care; time of Nightingale when nurses were silently trained to follow doctor’s orders

1st 4 Decades of the 20th Century

One of the times for historical foundations for patient education

Presence of public health nurses

Care no longer was confined to the hospital

After WWII

One of the times for historical foundations for patient education

Patient education becomes part of medical care and patient’s bill of rights

Nurses are primary provider of discharge instruction from the doctor to patient

Heidgerken

Who described 4 Dimensions of the Educative Process?

1. Substantive/Curricular Dimension

2. Procedural/Methodological Dimension

3. Environmental/Social Dimension

4. Human Relations Dimension

4 Dimensions of the Educative Process

Substantive/Curricular Dimension

One of the 4 Dimensions of the Educative Process

When education process looks into something sequential

Procedural/Methodological Dimension

One of the 4 Dimensions of the Educative Process

How is the teaching being done

Simulating the hospital

Environmental/Social Dimension

One of the 4 Dimensions of the Educative Process

Settings, where is the location of teaching

Human Relations Dimension

One of the 4 Dimensions of the Educative Process

Need to interact with the learner

1. Professional Competence

2. Interpersonal Relationship with Students

3. Personal Characteristics

4. Teaching Practices

5. Evaluation Practices

6. Availability to Students

6 Characteristics of an Effective Teacher

1. Planning & Preparing the Lessons

2. Presenting the Lessons

3. Organizing & Management of Learning Activities

4. Creating a Positive Climate in the Classroom

5. Evaluating Student Performance

6. Evaluating Teaching Performance

7. Practice of Appropriate Authority

7 Essential Teaching Skills

Practice of Appropriate Authority

One of the 7 Essential Teaching Skills

When we give credit to an author by citing them

1. Facilitates student-teacher interaction

2. Encourages cooperation among students

3. Initiates active learning

4. Gives prompt feedback

5. Emphasize the use of time in each task

6. Communicates high expectations

7. Respects diverse talents & ways of learning

7 Principles of Good Teaching Practice

Bastable

Who proposed the 3 Teaching Principles?

1. Hereditary Endowments Principle

2. Teaching Process Principle

3. Outcome Process Principle

3 Teaching Principles according to Bastable

Hereditary Endowments Principle

One of the 3 Teaching Principles according to Bastable

Nature of the learner

What are the traits, capacities, capabilities of the learner?

Teaching Process Principle

One of the 3 Teaching Principles according to Bastable

Selection & application of teaching & learning activities

Considering content (either just lecturing or skills based on what is to be taught)

Outcome Process Principle

One of the 3 Teaching Principles according to Bastable

Aims, goals, objectives, outcomes, purposes or results of learning

When you teach, you need to already determine the end point

1. Methods should be suited to the objectives and content of the course

2. Methods should be adapted to the capability of students

3. Methods should be in accordance with sound psychological principles

4. Methods should suit the teacher's personality and capitalize on her special assets

5. Methods should be used creatively

5 Guidelines in the Choice of Teaching and Learning Methods

1. Independent Learning

2. Demonstration

3. Simulations or Exercises

3 Approaches to Teaching Skills

Independent Learning

One of the 3 Approaches to Teaching Skills

Prepare instructional materials and equipment for practice

Demonstration

One of the 3 Approaches to Teaching Skills

Shows the teaching method

Simulations or Exercises

One of the 3 Approaches to Teaching Skills

Duplicates the real scenarios

1. Lack of time to teach

2. Lack of confidence & competence

3. Lack of motivation & skill

4. Low priority to patient and staff education

5. Negative influence of environment

6. Absence of third-party reimbursement to support patient education by nurses

7. Questionable effectiveness of client education in improving health outcomes

8. Documentation difficulties

8 Factors Affecting the Ability to Teach Among Nurses

1. Lack of time

2. Stress of acute and chronic illness

3. Low literacy and functional health illiteracy

4. Negative influence of the hospital environment itself: lack of privacy

5. Personal characteristics of the learner

6. Extent of needed behavioral change

7. Lack of support from health professionals and significant others

8. Denial of learning needs, resentment of authority & lack of sense of responsibility

9. Complexity, fragmentation and inconvenience of healthcare systems

9 Factors Affecting the Ability to Learn

Stress of acute and chronic illness

One of the 8 Factors Affecting the Ability to Learn

Example is rather than teaching a pregnant woman during labor, the nurse must teach them during prenatal care

Personal Characteristics of the Learner

One of the 8 Factors Affecting the Ability to Learn

Whether the client has visual or hearing deficit, is depressed, etc

Extent of Needed Behavioral Change

One of the 8 Factors Affecting the Ability to Learn

Example are those with liver disease have to avoid alcohol, fried food, drugs, which may make it difficult to adopt such changes in their lifestyle

Complexity, fragmentation, and inconvenience of healthcare systems

One of the 8 Factors Affecting the Ability to Learn

Example is accounting may ask for a lot of papers during discharge, which the stress of may affect the ability for the client to learn