Unit-III.-Approaches-to-Community-Development-1

Primary Health Care

Essential health care made universally available to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford at every stage of development.

Community organizing

The process of bringing people together to identify common concerns, set goals, and take collective action to address those concerns and achieve their goals.

Health promotion

The process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health.

Geographical isolated and disadvantaged areas (GIDA)

Areas that are remote, isolated, and face significant challenges in terms of access to healthcare and other resources.

Goal of Primary Health Care

An improved state of health and quality of life for all people attained through self-reliance and dimensions of social and economic development.

Elements of Primary Health Care

Education for health, locally endemic disease control, expanded program for immunization, maternal and child health including responsible parenthood, environmental sanitation and provision of safe water supply, nutrition and adequate food supply, treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases, and supply of essential drugs.

Environmental sanitation

The study and application of principles and knowledge to improve and control the environment for the protection of public health and welfare.

Safe water supply

Access to clean and safe water, which is essential for public health and well-being.

Nutrition and adequate food supply

Ensuring access to safe and nutritious food, which is essential for good health.

Treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases

Managing and providing access to healthcare services for both infectious and non-infectious diseases.

Supply of essential drugs

Providing access to medications that meet the priority healthcare needs of the population.

Appropriateness

Whether the service is needed in relation to essential human needs, priorities, and policies. The service must be properly selected and carried out by trained personnel.

Adequacy

The service is proportionate to the requirement and sufficient to meet the needs and demands of a community.

Affordability

The cost of the service should be within the means and resources of the individual and the community.

Accessibility

The service should be geographically, economically, and culturally reachable and convenient for the population.

Acceptability

The health care offered is in line with the prevailing culture and traditions of the population.

Availability

Services can be obtained whenever people need them.

Assessability

Services or care can be readily evaluated.

Accountability

Willingness to accept responsibility and the feasibility of regular review of accomplishments and financial records.

Completeness

Adequate attention to all aspects of a medical problem, including prevention, early detection, diagnosis, treatment, follow-up measures, and rehabilitation.

Comprehensiveness

Care is provided for all types of health problems.

Continuity

The management of a patient's care over time is coordinated among providers.

Equitable Distribution

Health services must be equally accessible, not neglecting rural and isolated populations.

Focus on Prevention

Preventive and promotive services should be the central focus of health care.

Multi-sectoral Approach

Collaboration between health and other government sectors, as well as private and non-profit groups, to improve the health of populations.

Community Participation

The involvement of the community in health development is fundamental to primary health care.

Appropriate Technology

Methods, procedures, techniques, and equipment/materials that are scientifically sound and suitable to the community.

Effectiveness

The degree to which something is successful in producing a desired result.

Safety

The technology selected should result in minimal risk to the user and the intended positive outcomes should outweigh the unintended negative effects.

Simplicity

The action or method should be simple and easy to apply by local health workers under local conditions.

Affordability

Health action and technical components should not absorb a disproportionate share of community resources or be too expensive for the people's means.

Acceptability

The technology or service should be accepted by the people and utilized.

Scope of the Technology

The value of a technology is greater if it can serve multiple purposes.

Feasibility and Reliability

The health technology should be compatible with local conditions and can be used in areas without electricity.

Ecological Effects

Consideration of the effects on the environment.

Potential to Contribute to Individual & Community Development

The technology promotes self-sufficiency and development.

Active Community Participation

The involvement of the community in health development.

Village or Barangay Health Workers

The first contacts of the community and the initial links in the health chain. They provide simple curative and preventive health care measures that promote a healthy environment.

Intermediate Level Health Workers

General medical practitioners or their assistants, public health nurses, and midwives who attend to health problems beyond the competence of village health workers. They provide support to front-line health workers in terms of supervision, training, referral services, and supplies.

First-line Hospital Personnel

Physicians with some specialty area, nurses, dentists, pharmacists, and other health professionals who work in primary hospitals. They provide back-up health services for cases that require hospitalization or diagnostic facilities not available in the health center.

Primary Health Care

A change from a disease-oriented, individual-centered, and hospital-based health care to a health-centered, people-centered, and community-based service.

Traditional Approach

A disease-oriented, individual-centered, and hospital-based health care approach that focuses on the sick and relies on curative services based on modern medicine and sophisticated technology.

Primary Health Care Approach

A health-centered, people-centered, and community-based approach that focuses on development and preventive health care, the well and early sick, and promotes health as an integral part of socio-economic development.

Alma Ata Declaration

A declaration in 1978 that called for "Health for All by 2000" through access to primary health facilities.

Community Organization

A continuous and sustained process of educating, organizing, and mobilizing people to work collectively on their immediate and long-term problems.

Objectives of Community Organizing

To help people understand their own situation, develop awareness of their potentials, and harness their human and material resources for community development.

Principles of Community Organizing

Trust in the people, focus on the most exploited and oppressed sectors, and aim for a just, independent, and democratic society.

Characteristic Features of Community Organizing

People-centered approach that empowers the community and responds to the experiences and needs of the marginalized sector/people.

Community organizing

A participative and democratic process that involves the community in assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation to bring about positive change.

Participative

The active involvement and participation of the community in all stages of the organizing process.

Democratic

Community organizing allows the majority of the people to recognize and analyze their difficulties, articulate their aspirations, and make decisions that reflect the will of the whole community.

Developmental

Community organizing aims to change current undesirable conditions and promote authentic human development beyond health and economic improvement.

Process-oriented

The goals of empowerment and development in community organizing are achieved through a process of change.

Community organizer

A person who works with the community, not for them, guiding their efforts and developing leaders among the community members.

Pre-Entry Phase

The initial phase of the organizing process where the community organizer looks for communities to serve and help.

Site Selection

The process of selecting a depressed rural community with a majority of the population belonging to the poor sectors as the site for community organizing work.

Identification of the Host Family

Choosing a host family in the community where the community organizer can stay during the organizing work.

Entry Phase

The phase where the community organizer establishes rapport with the people, integrates into the community, and learns about their way of life.

Integration with the People in the Community

The process of establishing mutual trust and cooperation by living with the community, participating in their activities, and avoiding raising unrealistic expectations.

Deepening Social Investigation

Collecting, synthesizing, and analyzing data to understand the community's geographic, economic, political, social, and cultural situations, and identify problems and issues that need solutions.

Identifying and Developing Potential Leaders

Finding and nurturing individuals in the community who represent the target group, are respected, willing to work for change, willing to learn, and possess good communication skills.

Sociogram

A graphic representation of social links that a person has, showing the structure of interpersonal relations in a group situation.

Isolates

People in a sociogram who have not been chosen by anyone or have only been chosen by another isolate.

Cliques

Groups of three or more people within a larger group who all choose each other in a sociogram.

Stars

People who have been chosen many times on a sociogram, indicating popularity and being well-liked.

Core Group Formation

The process of bringing together advanced indigenous leaders to exchange knowledge and insights towards a deeper understanding of the dynamics of the community, forming the foundation of a strong people's organization.

Organization Building Phase

The phase of community organizing that involves the formation of more formal structures and procedures, mobilizing the people into action, and strengthening the organization.

Maximum participation of membership

A principle of organization building that emphasizes the involvement of all members in decision-making and activities.

Simplicity of structure

A principle of organization building that advocates for a simple and easy-to-understand organizational structure.

Collective leadership

A principle of organization building that promotes shared leadership and decision-making within the community organization.

Consolidation and Expansion Phase

The process of molding the community organization into one cohesive unit and potentially expanding to other areas.

Participatory Action Research (COPAR)

An approach to research that involves active participation of the community being studied in all phases of the research, leading to actions aimed at improving conditions in the community.

Community Organizer

The role of facilitating and guiding the community in the critical assessment of the situation and promoting collective action.

COPAR

An approach to research that aims to promote change by involving the community in analyzing the situation, planning solutions, and implementing programs or projects.

Community organizing

A set of disciplined, strategic practices to build democratic and collective power in order to create conditions in which a community can thrive.

Expansion work

Initiating work in another community area, but only if the community health organization is capable of running the health program on its own.

Health Promotion

The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

A document that outlines the strategies for health promotion, including advocating for health, enabling health equity, and mediating through collaboration.

Health Promotion Policy

Policies that go beyond healthcare and put health on the agenda of policy makers in all sectors, directing them to be aware of the health consequences of their decisions and to accept their responsibilities for health.

Supportive Environments

Creating living and working conditions that are safe, stimulating, satisfying, and enjoyable, and promoting the conservation of natural resources.

Community Actions

Concrete and effective community action in setting priorities, making decisions, planning strategies, and implementing them to achieve better health.

Personal Skills

Supporting personal and social development through providing information, education for health, and enhancing life skills.

Reorienting Health Services

Moving the responsibility for health promotion in health services beyond clinical and curative services, and towards a health care system that contributes to the pursuit of health.

Key Principles of Health Promotion

Involving the population as a whole, addressing the causes or determinants of health, combining diverse methods or approaches, supporting public participation, and involving health professionals.

Key Elements of Health Promotion

Good governance for health, health literacy, and healthy cities.

Good Governance for Health

Policy makers across all government departments making health a central line of government policy and factoring health implications into all decisions, prioritizing policies that prevent illness and protect from injuries.

Health literacy

The knowledge, skills, and information needed to make healthy choices about food and healthcare services.

Healthy cities

Cities that promote good health through strong leadership, healthy urban planning, and preventive measures.

Prerequisites for Health

The fundamental conditions and resources necessary for health, including peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, and social justice and equity.

Three Strategies in Which Health Practitioners Can Promote Health:

advocacy

Representing the interests of disadvantaged groups and influencing policy to improve health.

Enablement

Acting as a catalyst and giving control to the community to achieve equity in health.

Mediation

Coordinating and cooperating with different agencies and sectors to influence policy and promote health.

Medical or Preventive Approach

A health promotion approach focused on reducing morbidity and mortality through primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

Behavior Change

Encouraging individuals to adopt healthy behaviors through health campaigns and expert-led interventions.

Educational Approach

Providing knowledge, information, and skills to empower individuals to make informed choices about their health behavior.

Empowerment

Increasing people's control over their lives through self-empowerment and community development work.

Social Change

Bringing about changes in the physical, social, and economic environment to promote health through policy planning, lobbying, and implementation.

Health Promotion Emblem

The logo representing the approach to health promotion outlined in the Ottawa Charter, incorporating five key action areas and three basic health promotion strategies.

Ottawa Charter

A framework for health promotion that identifies five components of health promotion action and prerequisites for health.