all ap hug vocab terms

from fiveable (fmlfmlfmlfmlfmflfmlfm)

God, Glory, Gold

3 motivations/justifications behind European exploration/colonization during the age of discovery. Represents the desire for religious expansion, national pride, and wealth accumulation through trade and resources.

Do it for Denmark

• slogan from danish gov

• encourages ppl to have more kids in response to declining birthrates

• lighthearted approach made the topic more relatable

1,000 people (what does it refer to)

specific unit of measurement used in population studies to calculate demographic date and trends

• birth/death rates & migration patterns

1994

• Significant in the context of trade and the world economy

• establishment of NAFTA —> major shift in trade policy + promoted economic policy

2nd Agricultural Revolution

• period of significant development that happened between the 17th-19th century

• crop rotation, selective breeding, new machinery (seed drill)

• increased productivity and efficiency

• laid groundwork for subsequent Industrial Revolution

38th Parallel

• latitude line that served as the border between North and South Korea before the Korean War, remains a significant geopolitical boundary

• Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) along the 38th parallel is one of the most heavily fortified borders in the world

49th Parallel

• latitude line where Canada and U.S. border is

Abiotic System

• non living parts of an ecosystem

• important to understand how humans impact the environment

• Human activities such as industrialization, deforestation, and pollution significantly alter abiotic systems by changing soil quality

Abolished

• the act of formally putting an end to a system, practice or institution

• elimination of divisions

• Abolition of internal boundaries often occurs in post-colonial states: polit. reform

Aboriginal reserves

• designated areas for Indigenous peoples in Canada and Australia.

• places where they can maintain their cultural practices, traditions etc.

• legal recognition allows communities to assert control over their lands and resources

Absence of State

• where a territory lacks a functioning government —> break down of social order

• breeding grounds warlords, militias, or external entities that fill the power vacuum

• Afghanistan: taliban

• Somaliland

Absolute Control

• a single authority has total control over the state + affairs

• its like a dictatorship

• propaganda, no human rights etc.

• same as absolute power

Absolute Distance

• exact measurements of physical space between 2 locations

• miles, km etc.

• concrete way to understand spatial relationships

• important for urban planning and infrastructure

Absolute Location

• precise, fixed coordinates of a place on the Earth's surface

• expressed in coordinates

Absolute Sovereignty

• ultimate authority of a state to govern itself without external interference

• Peace of Westphalia in 1648

• complete control over its internal affairs, laws, and governance

• no higher authority

Abstract Geographical Area

• conceptual framework used to define and analyze regions based on shared characteristics

• culture, economic conditions, environmental factors

• not physical or political

Accelerated spread

• rapid diffusion of cultural elements, ideas, or innovations

• often facilitated by technology and globalization

• occurs during historical events like Industrial Revolution or Age of Exploration

Advocates

• activists, community leaders, and organizations that work towards social change and development goals

Africa

• second largest & second most populous continent

• 1.3 billion ppl, 54 countries

• youngest population in the world —> high fertility rates

African division by European powers

• process during the late 19th century where European nations partitioned and colonized Africa

• leading to significant political and cultural changes often without regard for indigenous boundaries or cultures.

• Berlin conference —> Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, and Italy

African Union

• founded in 2001

• to promote unity and cooperation among African countries, enhancing development and peace

• 55 member states and replaced the Organization of African Unity

Age Distribution

• distribution of age groups within a population

• can indicate future labor shortages and economic trends.

Age of Discovery

• 15th - 17th cent. when European powers explored and colonized various regions, leading to significant global trade and cultural exchanges.

Age of Exploration

• a period from the 15th to the 17th century characterized by European voyages of discovery, trade expansion, and the establishment of overseas colonies

• basically the same as the age of discovery but more broad

Age Sex Pyramid

a graphical representation of the age and sex distribution of a population, showing the proportion of different age groups and gender ratios.

• can show insights into a populations fertility patterns

Aged population

• ppl above 65 years

Ageism

discrimination or prejudice against individuals based on their age, often affecting older adults

Agglomeration

the clustering of people or activities in a specific area, often leading to economic benefits, such as reduced transportation costs and increased collaboration.

Aggressive Deforestation

the extensive removal of forests at a rapid rate, often for agricultural or urban development, leading to environmental degradation.

Acculturation

the process of cultural change and adaptation that occurs when individuals or groups from one culture come into contact with another culture, often leading to the integration or exchange of cultural traits.

• they just mix not one over the other

Adaptive Strategy

measures or traits that enhance survival and reproduction in changing environments (adaptations basically)

• shifting cultivation, pastoralism, and intensive agriculture,

Addis Ababa

• capital of Ethiopia

• headquarters of the african union

Advanced Countries

• highly developed economies

• high standards of living, industrialization

• diverse economies

Advances farming methods

• GMOs, irrigation, precision farming

• Green Revolution

Agrarian

related to agriculture, land cultivation, and farming practices

Agribusiness

• commercial agriculture involving large-scale farming operations and the production, processing, and distribution of food products.

• led to an increase in monoculture practices, which can reduce biodiversity and impact soil health.

Agricultural commodification

• process by which agricultural goods and services are treated as market commodities, transforming farming into a profit-oriented business.

• prioritize profit over environmental + social concerns

Agricultural density

• a measure of population density in agriculture, calculated by the number of farmers per unit area of arable land

• crucial evaluating food security and agricultural sustaiability

Agricultural Diffusion

• spread of agricultural practices, crops, livestock from one region to another

• introduction of staple crops from the americas to europe

Agricultural revolution

• a period of significant change in agricultural practices, characterized by the transition from subsistence farming to more advanced forms of agriculture, leading to increased food production and population growth.

• first agricultural rev. —> neolithic

• Second —> 18/19th cent