Therapies Cont'd

Cognitive Therapy

teaching new, healthier ways of thinking

• best for disorders with unclear roots like anxiety and depression

Cognitive-Behavioral therapy

changing thinking will eliminate bad behaviors

• useful for disorders that involve maladaptive mental and behavioral elements like OCD and eating disorders

Rational-emotive behavior therapy

changing thinking patterns because irrational beliefs are what cause maladaptive behaviors

Group therapies

therapist led small groups; helps people not feel alone in their problems

• time and cost effective

Pseudotherapies

treatments with no scientific evidence about their effectiveness/ unreliable results, but works for some

• placebo?

• aromatherapy, massage therapy, hypnotherapy, etc

Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

used to treat trauma/ PTSD; reprocessing traumatic memories

• eyes move back and forth while patient recounts their trauma because evolutionary eye movement is calming

Light-exposure therapy

exposure to daily doses of light that mimics outdoor light

• help make people happier

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

forms of depression due to a decrease in sunlight in winter months - use light exposure therapy

Antipsychotic drugs

block dopamine receptors so dopamine cannot be activated; lessen positive schizophrenia symptoms

• thorazine, clozapine, zyprexia, neuroleptics

Tardive dyskensia

because of antipsychotics; involuntary movement of facial muscles

• too little dopamine - parkinson’s elements

Antianxiety drugs

suppress CNS reactivity to limit the effects of anxiety or phobias

• since anxiety is caused by many action potentials in a tense nervous system

neg of antianxiety

xanax is widely abused, can be addicted, and does not solve root of the anxiety (just cover up)

antidepressants (SSRIs)

regulate levels of serotonin and nor epinephrine to elevate the mood; for depression and anxiety

neg of antidepressants

takes 4 wekks to work, so at first it is actually worse and leads to an increase in risk of suicide

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

SSRIs

Lithium

mood stabilizing drug; unclear how but helps with intense mania and severe depression

lithium side effects

increased thirst, headache, memory loss, twitches

• affects the brain somehow

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

brain stimulation; sends electric currents though the brain while patient is anesthetized

• may cause memory loss/ stigmatization

• for severe depression

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

brain stimulation; use magnetic energy to stimulate or suppress brain activity

• painless/ while patient awake

• no memory loss and for depression

psychosurgery

brain surgery/ lesioning to help persons psychological health; used for epilepsy or tumors

• irreversible

lobotomy

NOT USED anymore; but the nerves that connect frontal lobes to emotion centers