Unit 4 master knowt

When you swallow something, the soft palate and the _____ move superiorly to close off the opening to the _____ and prevent ingested materials from entering the nasal region.

uvula ; nasopharynx

Which of the following statements about saliva is/are CORRECT?

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.

Extrinsic salivary glands : Intrinsic salivary glands : Starch digestion begins : Saliva cleanses the mouth

When you swallow something, the soft palate and the _____ move superiorly to close off the opening to the _____ and prevent ingested materials from entering the nasal region.

uvula ; nasopharynx

Which of the following statements about saliva is/are CORRECT?

CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.

Extrinsic salivary glands : Intrinsic salivary glands : Starch digestion begins : Saliva cleanses the mouth

In bariatric surgery, restrictive operations:

reduce the size of the stomach to decrease food intake.

Which sphincter is located between the esophagus and the stomach?

lower/inferior esophageal (gastroesophageal) sphincter

Which of the following digestive organs is considered retroperitoneal?

Rectum

In most organs of the digestive tract, food in the lumen is in direct contact with __________.

simple columnar epithelium

Pepsinogen and pancreatic proteases (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase) are similar in that they are:

inactive when produced and/or secreted.

Imagine a dentist drilling into a tooth as shown by the arrow below. In which order would the materials of the tooth be encountered?

enamel, dentin, pulp

Which of the following statements regarding chemical digestion is/are CORRECT?

Many enzymes, Hydrolysis reactions, Chemical digestion is necessary

Accessory digestive organs assist the organs of the digestive tract in the breakdown of food. Which of the following statements about these accessory organs is CORRECT?

The teeth and tongue participate in the chewing and swallowing of food. : The extrinsic salivary glands include the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands.

The structures labeled "A" are large projections of the mucosa and submucosa that slow down the movement of chyme; they are called

circular folds

Microscopic fingerlike projections of the mucosa, labeled "B" below", are called ______

villi

Each one contains an arteriole, blood capillaries, a venule, and a lymphatic capillary called a _____ indicated by the letter "D."

lacteal

Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the _____, as seen in the diagrams below.

small intestine

Microscopic extensions of the plasma membrane of the simple columnar epithelial cells, indicated by the letter "C", are called _______ They contain enzymes that complete chemical digestion of some nutrients prior to absorption.

microvilli

A tooth has a visible region called the ______

crown

a tooth has a constricted region called the ___

neck

a tooth has one or more ____ that anchor the tooth in the jaw.

Roots

Match each of the following descriptions with the appropriate enzyme; Lipid-digesting enzyme secreted into mouth; its site of action is stomach

Lingual lipase

Match each of the following descriptions with the appropriate enzyme; Enzyme that begins chemical digestion of proteins in stomach

Pepsin

Match each of the following descriptions with the appropriate enzyme; "Finishing enzymes" that complete chemical digestion of carbohydrates and proteins in small intestine

Brush border enzymes (BBE)

Match each of the following descriptions with the appropriate enzyme; Majority of lipid digestion occurs in small intestine, aided by this enzyme

Pancreatic lipase

Trace the pathway of food through the intestines, beginning with the region of the small intestine that attaches directly to the stomach and ending with the anus!

duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canalm anus

The layer or tunic of the digestive tract wall that is thickened in some areas to form sphincters is the

muscularis externa

Which substance, produced by parietal cells in the stomach, aids in the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine?

intrinsic factor

Match each group of nutrients with its "final breakdown products"; Carbohydrates

monosaccharides

Match each group of nutrients with its "final breakdown products" ; Lipids (triglycerides)

Monoglycerides and fatty acids

Match each group of nutrients with its "final breakdown products"; Proteins

Amino acids

Accessory gland that surrounds proximal urethra and ejaculatory duct

Prostate

what is the Site of sperm maturation and storage

Epididymis

Paired glands that produce most (60%) of semen

Seminal vesicles

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the:

endometrium of the uterus

Which of the following best describes the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A group of follicles grows and develops, with one follicle typically becoming dominant.

At which time does a female have the GREATEST NUMBER of oogonia in her ovaries?

Before birth

Which structure of the male reproductive system is cut/blocked during a vasectomy?

ductus deferens

Following a vasectomy, will a man still produce sperm? If so, what happens to those sperm?

Yes, sperm will be produced but they will die and be reabsorbed instead of ejaculated.

Following a vasectomy and four to six weeks of recovery time, how will the composition of semen change?

Semen will be produced and ejaculated but it will contain no sperm.

In both males and females, two sets of ducts form during embryonic/fetal development. Which set develops into parts of the reproductive system in females but degenerates in males?

paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts

MATCHING HORMONES: Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates production of androgen-binding protein (ABP) in males

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

MATCHING HORMONES: Primary ovarian hormone secreted during the luteal phase of ovarian cycle; triggers secretory phase of uterine (menstrual) cycle

Progesterone

MATCHING HORMONES: Surge of this hormone triggers ovulation and subsequent development of corpus luteum from ruptured follicle

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

MATCHING HORMONES: In both males and females, this hormone triggers the start of puberty

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

MATCHING HORMONES: Inhibits secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); produced by sustentacular cells in males and ovarian cells in females

Inhibin

MATCHING HORMONES; Hypothalamic hormone that stimulates secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (2)

The dartos muscle, cremaster muscle, and pampiniform plexus:

help to regulate temperature inside the scrotum.

All the following are produced by the testes EXCEPT:

proseminogelin

The blood-testis barrier (BTB):

prevents the immune system from destroying haploid (n) cells involved in spermatogenesis.

Put the following structures through which sperm pass in the correct order, starting with the site of sperm production. You will NOT use all the choices provided.

Testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra

Event 2, the process by which diploid (2n) cells become haploid (1n/n), is:

meiosis I

Which type of cell is indicated by the letter D?

spermatid

During the proliferative phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle:

the functional layer of the endometrium is being rebuilt.

Ovaries and testes, as well as the labia majora and scrotum, are examples of __________ structures (structures with a similar embryonic origin but different functions).

homologous

In males, ______ functional gamete(s) is/are produced from ONE germ cell (spermatogonium).

four

In females, ___ functional gamete(s) is/are produced from ONE germ cell (oogonium).

one

Which of the statements below about human gametes is/are CORRECT?

Male gametes (sperm) are small and motile, Human gametes are haploid, The processes of mitosis and meiosis, Gamete production in females

Put the following stages of follicular development in the correct order, starting with the least developed structure. You will NOT use all the choices provided.

Primordial follicle, Primary follicle, Secondary follicle, mature/vesicular follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans

T or F; Folds and sheets of connective tissue help to anchor and support parts of the female reproductive system.

True

T or F; Ovulation usually occurs around day 20 of a 28-day ovarian cycle.

false

T or F; Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is also called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) in males.

False

T orF; The unpaired cylinder of erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the corpus spongiosum.

True

Breast picture deep: what one is lines on both sides?

suspensory ligaments of breast

Ejaculatory duct function:

transport sperm/semen ONLY

The sac-like structure that contains this cell (and releases it during ovulation) is called a

ovarian follicle

the mucosa of which digestive tract organ is seen below? GASTRIC GLAND PICTURE

Stomach

LAB; The enzyme that was used was called ____ it breaks down polysaccharides like starch into oligosaccharides, maltose (a disaccharide), and eventually glucose (a monosaccharide).

amylase

LAB; The pH at which this enzyme worked the best (produced the most maltose) was ____

pH 7

The wrinkles inside the stomach that allow it to expand as we eat and drink are called

rugae

Fertilization usually occurs in the ___

Uterine tube

The sperm encounters the egg and undergoes an ___ reaction.

acrosomal

This reaction releases _____ from the acrosome of the sperm cell, which then digest a path through the granulosa cells and the _____

Enzymes; zona pellucida

The sperm contacts the ____ itself. The sperm head and midpiece enter the egg.

Egg

At this point, the ______ set of chromosomes from each gamete combine to produce a full ____ set.

haploid, diploid

Finally, the egg blocks all sperm from entering once the first sperm makes it through, in order to prevent a ___ cell.

triploid

Sperm must undergo ____ which is a physiologic conditioning, before they can accomplish _____ . This conditioning occurs in the _____ reproductive tract, and typically lasts several ____

capacitation, fertilization, female, hours

During this time, a glycoprotein coat and some proteins are removed from the sperm plasma membrane that overlies the _____ region of the sperm.

acrosomal

What is the correct order of structures through which the sperm penetrates during fertilization?

Corona radiata, zona pellucida, oocyte plasma membrane

Which allows sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida?

The acrosomal reaction

T or F; Polyspermy results in the production of monozygotic twins.

False

The developing human from the period from conception until birth

prenatal period

The developing human from the time of fertilization to the end of the eighth week

Embryo

The developing human from 8 weeks to birth

fetus

Diploid cell resulting from the union of a sperm cell and an oocyte

Zygote

The third through eighth weeks of development are known as the _________blank period.

embryonic

What is the approximate duration of the fetal period of development?

29 weeks give or take

When does implantation typically begin after fertilization?

7 days

_____ prevents the womb from spontaneously aborting the fetus by building up the lining, so that it can support the placenta.

Progesterone

Prolactin is produced by the ___ gland.

pituitary

PRL is responsible for the increase in cells that produce ___ within the breasts.

Milk

_____ is the hormone that allows contractions of the womb during pregnancy and labor

Oxytocin

Contractions felt during ____ are also because of oxytocin.

breastfeeding

The hormone that signals that fertilization and implantation have taken place is

human chorionic gonadotropin.

T or F; Human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates the degeneration of the corpus luteum.

False

Nutrients and wastes are exchanged between mother and fetus through the

placenta

A _____ feedback mechanism regulates the onset and continuation of labor. Uterine contractions induce the release of ____ from the posterior pituitary, which further increases uterine contractions.

positive; oxytocin

Effacement occurs during the ____ _of birth. This involves the "taking up of the cervix" in which the cervical canal slowly disappears.

dilation stage

When the ____ ruptures, fluid flows out of the vagina. This event is sometimes referred to as "breaking water."

amnion

Uterine contractions occur every 1-2 minutes and last about one minute each until finally the baby is born in the ____ of birth.

Expulsion stage

The placenta is delivered during the_____ of birth. Approximately 15 minutes after delivery, uterine muscle contractions shrink the uterus and dislodge the placenta.

placental stage

Put the steps in the activation of uterine contractions in order.

1) Stretch receptors are stimulated 2) Reflex is elicited that causes stronger uterine contractions 3) Fetus is moved downward 4) Fetal head is forced toward cervix

For the first few days after birth, the baby will receive _________blank from the breast rather than breast milk.

colostrum