WEEK 4 CLIN MED

What are the two conditions that make up COPD?

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Define chronic bronchitis.

A productive cough on most days for at least 3 months per year over 2 consecutive years.

Define emphysema.

Permanent dilation of alveoli with destruction of their walls and no obvious fibrosis.

What is the pathophysiology of emphysema?

Destruction of alveolar walls, loss of elastic recoil, and formation of bullae.

What is the pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis?

Inflammation, mucous production, and thickening of bronchial walls causing airway narrowing.

What is the most common cause of COPD?

Smoking.

What is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

A genetic disorder increasing risk of panacinar emphysema.

List common symptoms of COPD.

SOB, chronic cough, sputum production, wheezing, hyperinflation, and psychological effects.

How is asthma different from COPD?

Asthma is reversible, COPD is not fully reversible.

What are common triggers for asthma?

Allergens, air pollution, exercise, infections, weather, additives.

What is the hallmark pathophysiology of asthma?

Airway inflammation, intermittent airflow limitation, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

What are signs of an asthma attack?

Wheezing, SOB, chest tightness, cough, and reduced FEV1/FVC.

How is asthma managed?

Preventers, relievers, symptom controllers, action plan, avoid triggers.

What is cystic fibrosis?

An autosomal recessive disorder affecting chloride transport in exocrine glands.

What systems are affected in CF?

Lungs, pancreas, liver, reproductive organs.

How is CF diagnosed?

Heel prick test, genetic testing, sweat chloride test.

What is the primary treatment goal in CF?

Manage respiratory infections, replace enzymes, support nutrition and breathing.

What is pneumonia?

Inflammation of lung parenchyma caused by infection.

What are the types of pneumonia?

Aspiration, community-acquired, hospital-acquired.

What is the main treatment for pneumonia?

Antibiotics.

What causes tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

What are signs of pulmonary TB?

Persistent cough, haemoptysis, fever, weight loss.

How is TB diagnosed?

AFB culture, NAAT/PCR, Mantoux or IGRA.

How long is TB treated?

At least 6 months with multiple antibiotics.

What is acute kidney injury?

Sudden loss of kidney function causing fluid, electrolyte, and waste imbalances.

List three causes of AKI.

Pre-renal (low blood flow), intrarenal (nephrotoxins), post-renal (obstruction).

What are symptoms of AKI?

Low urine output, oedema, confusion, high BP, uremic symptoms.

How is AKI treated?

Treat cause, monitor fluids, adjust diet, remove nephrotoxins, dialysis if needed.

What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Kidney damage or decreased function for over 3 months.

List 3 non-modifiable risk factors for CKD.

Age, genetics, previous kidney disease.

List 3 modifiable risk factors for CKD.

Smoking, poor nutrition, inactivity.

What are symptoms of early CKD?

Fatigue, weight loss, itching, nausea.

What are complications of CKD?

Gout, high potassium, heart disease, osteoporosis.

How is CKD diagnosed?

Proteinuria, creatinine, urea, GFR.

What is the goal of CKD management?

Delay progression, control risk factors, treat complications.

What is end-stage renal failure?

Kidney function so low that dialysis or transplant is needed.

What is peritoneal dialysis?

Dialysis using the peritoneum and fluid exchange through a catheter.

What is haemodialysis?

Machine-based dialysis filtering blood via a fistula or catheter.

What is the function of the heart?

To pump oxygenated blood to tissues and return deoxygenated blood to lungs.

What is systole?

Contraction of the ventricles pushing blood out of the heart.

What is diastole?

Relaxation of the heart allowing blood to fill the coronary arteries.

What is cardiac output?

Stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.

What is atherosclerosis?

Chronic artery narrowing from fatty deposits and inflammation.

What are modifiable risk factors for heart disease?

Smoking, obesity, poor diet, inactivity, alcohol.

What is angina?

Chest pain from reduced blood flow to the heart.

What is a myocardial infarction?

Heart attack caused by blocked blood flow and oxygen to heart tissue.

What are MI symptoms?

Crushing chest pain, left arm/jaw pain, SOB, sweating.

What is the treatment for MI?

Aspirin, GTN, angioplasty, stent, cardiac rehab.

What is atrial fibrillation?

Irregular heartbeat due to abnormal signals in the atria.

What are symptoms of AF?

Racing heart, irregular rhythm, fatigue, SOB.

What is heart failure?

Inability of the heart to pump blood effectively.

What are signs of heart failure?

SOB, fatigue, oedema, reduced exercise tolerance.

How is heart failure treated?

Medications, fluid restriction, device therapy, surgery.

What are priorities of cardiac rehab?

Exercise, education, behaviour change, psychological support.