AP World Unit 6 Class Qs

Netherlands

A country known for its important ports and as a center of banking.

Usury

The practice of lending money at unreasonably high interest rates.

Industrialization

The development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

Amsterdam

Capital of the Netherlands, known as the 'Venice of the North'.

Baruch Spinoza

Natural philosopher advocating for rationalism in Jewish doctrine.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Famous American banker with Dutch ancestry.

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

The most prominent trade network in Asia and Africa until the British East India Company.

Triangular Trade

Trade system involving the exchange of rum, slaves, and goods between the colonies, Africa, and West Indies.

Boston Massacre

A confrontation in 1770 where British soldiers killed five colonists.

Stamp Act

A 1765 tax that required colonists to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper.

Declaration of Independence

Document asserting the independence of the colonies from Britain, primarily authored by Thomas Jefferson.

Natural Rights

Rights that are believed to be granted to all people by their creation, including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States, which created a weak federal government.

Constitutional Convention

The meeting in 1787 where the U.S. Constitution was written.

French/Indian War

War between Britain and France in North America that ended in 1763.

The Bastille

A fortress in Paris that was stormed by revolutionaries in 1789.

The Great Fear

A period of panic and riot by peasants in France in response to rumors of an aristocratic conspiracy.

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Motto of the French Revolution, emphasizing the principles of freedom, equality, and brotherhood.

The Reign of Terror

A period of extreme violence during the French Revolution, characterized by mass executions.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader who rose to power during the French Revolution and became Emperor.

Coup d'état

A sudden, illegal takeover of a government.

The Congress of Vienna

A meeting of European leaders post-Napoleonic War to restore order and establish a balance of power.

Gesamtkunstwerk

A concept of 'total artwork' that combines different art forms into a cohesive whole, famously used by Richard Wagner.

Revanche

French term for revenge, particularly in the context of national pride.

Programmatic Music

Music intended to evoke a narrative or story through its composition.

Legitimacy

The principle of restoring traditional monarchies after the fall of Napoleon.

Nationalism

A strong identification with and pride in one's nation and culture.

Patronage for Art

Support that is given to artists by wealthy individuals or institutions.

Natural Philosopher

An individual who studies nature and the physical universe, often linked with early forms of science.

Sons of Liberty

A group of colonial men who opposed British policies and taxes.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Bostonians dumped tea into Boston Harbor.

Intolerable Acts

A series of punitive laws passed by Britain in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party.

Limited Monarchy

A monarchy in which the powers of the ruler are restricted by law or a constitution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

A fundamental document of the French Revolution that proclaimed the rights of individuals.

Tennis Court Oath

A vow made by members of the Third Estate not to disband until a new constitution was established.

Jacobins

Radical revolutionary group during the French Revolution led by Maximilien Robespierre.

National Convention

Assembly that governed France during the most radical phase of the French Revolution.

Patriotism

Devotion to and vigorous support for one's country.

Civil Liberties

Basic rights and freedoms guaranteed to individuals.

Constitution of 1795

Established the Directory as the governing body in France after Robespierre.

Russian Invasion of 1812

Napoleon's disastrous military campaign against Russia, leading to significant losses.

Elba

The island where Napoleon was initially exiled.

St. Helena

The remote island where Napoleon was exiled for the final time.

Cultural Cross-Pollination

The sharing and blending of cultural practices and ideas among different societies.

Van Gogh, Vermeer, Rembrandt, and Peter Paul Rubens

Famous Dutch painters known for their “rennaisance” paintings

Mercantilist attitude

Colonies & trading (surpluses!) was to benefit mother country

-- Colonies to provide raw materials to the home state;  home state could  generate products;  colonies expected to purchase products

Navigation Acts

colonies could only use colonial or English vessels

-- colonies seeking imports -- imports had to go through England & pay duties

-- some colonial products shipped only to England

Townshend Acts

A series of laws passed in 1767 imposing duties on imported goods such as tea, glass, and paper, aimed at raising revenue for Britain and asserting its authority over the colonies.

John Locke

 Equality of all men

-- Natural rights of men, granted to them by god

-- Limited Government

-- Government by the consent of the governed

-- Right to rebel against tyrannical government

bourgeoisie

The middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

Clergy, Nobility, Peasants (Commoners)

1st, 2nd, 3rd Estate

Tithe

10% tax from the Church

 Robert Turgot

Collector general Attempted to reform France

Estates General

Group brought together by Louis XVI; hadnt met in over 100 years

Blood, Sword, Deed

Three types of nobles

The March of Versailles

• Loss of food because almost all of it was taxes

• Women became very angry because they could not feed family

• 1000s of women marched to Versailles to make a statement 

Republic

A state in which political power rests with the public through their representatives

Centripetal and Centrifugal

2 types of Music

Giuseppe Verdi 

Famous Italian opera composer known for trumpet solo

Jean Sibelius

Finnish composer:

• One of the most famous patriotic pieces ever 

• Finnish independent from the Russian empire

Richard Wagner

• German composer

• He was a genius “mad man” 

• Was patronized by the Bavarian King Ludwig II

• Very patriotic and grandiose; arousing music 

Pierre and Marie Curie

The first to discover radiation.

Crystal Palace

A symbol of progress, built in Hyde Park, London, in 1851; covered 19 acres with 3 million panes of glass.

Laissez-Faire Economies

Economic theory advocating no government intervention, allowing individuals to act freely in their self-interest.

Adam Smith

Economist who outlined laissez-faire economics in 'The Wealth of Nations', stating that self-interest leads to societal benefits.

Thomas Malthus

Authored 'Essay on Population', warning that population grows faster than food supply, leading to overpopulation issues without government aid.

David Ricardo

Introduced the Iron Law of Wages, explaining the relationship between wage levels and worker populations.

Robert Owen

Established a model industrial community in 1800 aimed at providing better working conditions and education.

Charles Fourier

Proposed 'Model Communities' called Phalanstries, advocating for profit sharing based on individual talents.

Louis Blanc

Set up cooperative workshops with government support promoting 'from each according to ability, to each according to need'.

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

Wrote the Communist Manifesto, blaming capitalism for worker exploitation and advocating for a classless society.

Jeremy Bentham

Philosopher who advocated for minimal government involvement unless actions of a few cause misery to many.

John Stuart Mill

Philosopher who proposed active reforms to address industry problems, including the right to unionize and the right to vote.