AP World Unit 6 Class Qs

Notes: Netherlands


Netherlands: 

  • Very close to the water/important ports

  • Known for premier bankers 

    • They were to usury/lending

  • Had an abundant supply of coal

    • Coal needed for industrialization 

    • 1820-1825 when they industrialized; before England by only 4 years

Amsterdam

  • Venice of the north 

  • Predicted to go underwater in 50 years

  • Beacon of religious and philosophic tolerance in Europe

    • Attracted many open-minded thinkers arriving in the Neds

  • Amsterdam Jewish Quarter 

    • One of the oldest, safest, and wealthiest Jewish quarters in Europe

    • Brought many intelligent Jews into the Neds 

    • Bankers, Scholars, translators, optics engineers

Baruch Spinoza

  • Natural philosopher who advocated for rationalism in Jewish doctrine 

  • Excommunicated from Jews 

  • But, adopted by Christian theologians 

Cornelius Vanderbilt

  • Famous American banker

  • “Vander” root of last name is strongly associated with Dutch

Dutch East India AKA VOC

  • The most prominent trade network in Asia and Africa until British East India

    • Southeast Asia

    • South Africa 

    • Sri Lanka

Patronage for Art 

  • Portrait of yourself

  • Portrait of anyone else

  • Van Gogh, Vermeer, Rembrandt, and Peter Paul Rubens were famous Dutch painters known for their “rennaisance” paintings

American Rev


I.  The North American Colonies


A. Development

-- 1500’s:  Age of Exploration saw the exploration & settlement of the America’s

-- 1700-1763: British colonies expanding rapidly

-- Autonomous Development

-- Mother/Children relationship between Britain & Colonies

B. Trade Conflicts

-- Mercantilist attitude:  Colonies & trading (surpluses!) was to benefit mother country

-- Colonies to provide raw materials to the home state;  home state could 

generate products;  colonies expected to purchase products


-- Britain wanted to regulate colonial trade

1) Navigation Acts

-- colonies could only use colonial or English vessels

-- colonies seeking imports -- imports had to go through England & pay duties

-- some colonial products shipped only to England


2) Triangular Trade

-- Colonies shipped rum to Africa; took slaves to W.Indies;  took rum back to 

N.England

-- Britain wanted to tax that trade;  colonists smuggled it in anyways



II. Toward Revolution


A. French/Indian War (N.American part of Seven Years War) ended in 1763 in N. Am

-- Left Britain with great debt

-- Britain was supplying troops to colonies to defend colonists from French/Indian attacks

-- Colonial POV:  Responsibility of Mother country

-- Britain’s POV:  Colonies should help pay


B. British Revenue Acts 

-- Stamp Act  (1765:  Taxed newspapers, deeds, wills etc..  later repealed;  issue was 

POWER!)

-- Townshend Acts (1767: Paint, tea, paper, lead, glass)


C. Relations Worsen

-- Boston Massacre 1770 - Brits send out soldiers; colonists start throwing rocks at the                                       troops; soldiers kill colonists 

-- Boston Tea Party 1773

-- Intolerable Acts (closed port of Boston;  Quartered troops)

– Sons of liberty was against this and was one of the first rebel groups

D. Colonies Organize

-- First Continental Congress (12/13 -- no Georgia -- Sept. 1774);  petitioned king

-- Second Continental Congress (May 1775)

> Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)  


III. Independence


A. Declaration of Independence

-- Thomas Jefferson

-- “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are 

endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, 

Liberty and the pursuit of happiness…  That to secure these rights, Governments are 

instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed;  

That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government…”

-- Principles of John Locke

-- Equality of all men

-- Natural rights of men, granted to them by god

-- Limited Government

-- Government by the consent of the governed

-- Right to rebel against tyrannical government


B. War for Independence  (1775-83)

-- Advantages for Colonies (Home territory, far away, good leaders -- GW)


IV. New Government


A. Articles of Confederation (1781-89)

-- Weakness (like could not tax or raise an army)


B. Constitutional Convention (1787 -- long,hot, Philly summer)

-- Reps from the new states met to discuss a better framework for the new country

1) Article I:  Legislative Branch

2) Article II:  Executive Branch

3) Article III:  Judicial Branch

-- Ratification:  9 states needed;  1788/89: Ultimately had to add the Bill of Rights


V.  And Europe?


A. Opportunity for Some

1. France:  French-American Alliance of 1778:  to regain lost prestige; weaken GB

2. Spain:  1779 -- Hoped to regain some lost territory in Americas


B.  Implications


-- U.S. was a symbol of change;  hope that people could govern themselves without monarchs;  validated revolution as a legitimate means to procure social & political change 

-- American Rev was conservative;  kept existing order & property rights;  led to a constitutional system build on stability and continuity


French Rev: Crisis in France 

  • Marie Antoinette 

    • Born in 1775 Austria 

    • Youngest daughter of Maria Theresa 

    • Marriages were mainly used for diplomatic matters

  • France was organized in the Estate System 

    • 1st estate was clergy

    • 2nd estate was nobility

    • 3rd estate was the commoners 

      • ⅘ peasants & everyone else

      • Included the bourgeoisie - middle class

        • City workers, merchants, lawyers, doctors, etc. 

  • Tax from the Church was called a tithe 

    • Taken from the peasants in order to do “all the things the church does”

  • Three types of nobles ( around 2% of the population; nobles by blood, sword

  • France had a growing economic crisis 

    • From 1700s prosperity to 

    • 1770s hardship and famine 

  • Attempts of Reform 

    • By Robert Turgot 

  • Desperate measures 

    • Louis summons the Estates General

    • An old body that had not been met formally in over 100 years 

Estates general 

  • Representation and voting 

    • Voting by head vs order 

  • The people unite in frustration

    • The national assembly 

    • The tennis court oath

      • Constitution!!

Popular Uprisings 

  • The Bastille

    • A Group of French broke into a prison and allowed 7 prisoners to escape 

    • July 14th, 1789

  • The Great Fear

    • Rumors that robbers were coming from nearby

    • Peasants came together with arms and united against the landlords

  • The March of Versailles

    • Loss of food because almost all of it was taxes

    • Women became very angry because they could not feed family

    • 1000s of women marched to Versailles to make a statement 

Reforms of the National Assembly

  • End of old customs

  • Declarations of the Rights of Mans

National Assembly

  • The constitution of 1791 stated “Limited Monarchy”

  • Divisions among revolutionaries

    • Conservatives

    • Moderates: Preserve Constitutional Monarchy

    • Radicals(Jacobins): Maximilien Robespierre  

The Revolution Deepens

  • Fear of Revlouloitn spread to other countries like Austria and Poland

France Goes to War (1792)

  • Liberty, equality, fraternity!!

  • Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite!!

Takeover (Revoloutionary takeover)

  • National convention 

  • Led to Constitution


The national convention 

  • Abolish the Monarchy > Republic 

The Reign of Terror (July 1793-1794) 

  • Maximillien Robespierrerre 

    • Committee of Public Safety 

    • Law of suspects

    • 20,000-40,000 men, women, children 

    • By July 1794, Robespierre Executed 

Transformation of France 

  • No monarchy 

  • More democracy 

  • Patriotism 

The directory 

  • Constitution of 1795 

  • Wealthy and educated

  • Known to be corrupt and struggling 

Growth of France

  • Led by Napolean Bonaparte 

Napolean Bonaparte

  • Born in Corsica

  • Was very short and looked down upon in France 

  • French Rev “set Napolean free”

    • Ideals of the revoloutiaires 

  • Napolean led a Coup over the French gov 1799 (30 years old)

    • His troop surrounded the legislature and drove out most members 

    • Napoleon became the first consul

    • Ruled like a dictator 

  • He starts to invade other regions like Britain, Russia, Austria, and Sweden 

  • Continental system was designed to hurt GB but it just shut down trade instead 

    • Was alr in the war w Spain

    • Then tried to invade Russia 

    • Evnetually failed

  • Napolean expanded France to make the 2nd largest European empire ever (behind the Romans)

  1. Challenges to Napolean

    1. The Spanish Ulcer - his half-brother, not as smart could not control the Spanish

    2. Nationalism in Europe - mobilized the French citizens through nationalism

    3. 1812 Invasion of Russia - invaded Russia when already weak; in the winter could not survive the Russian forces

  2. Resistance 

    1. Russia, prussia, Austria and GB; taken to subdue Napolean 

    2. 1814: Abdication and Exile: Elba

    3. 1815 Hundred day escape and Exile to St. Helena 

  3. Legacy?

    1. Years of unrest, destruction, and conquest

    2. Disruption of monarchines, absolute rule 


Post Napoleonic: The Congress of Vienna 

  1. Premise: Order

    1. Post Napoleonic meeting 

    2. Development of a peace treaty

    3. Legitimacy; Balnace of Power

  2. Major Players

    1. Czar Alexander I - Russian; Green suit  

    2. Fredrick William III - Prussian; Long boots blue suit 

    3. Lord Castlereagh - British; Red Suit

    4. Charles Talleyrand  - French; blue suit

    5. Prince Metternich - Austrian; White suit 

  3. The Metternich System - Reflected growing Conservatism 

    1. Obidience to Authroity; organized religion; less rev.; less civil liberties 

    2. Legitimacy 

    3. Status Quo (Conservatsim) > Concert of Europe

    4. Suppressing Democracy 

    5. Colonies

      1. GB benefited the most out of all of them 

    6. Balance of power

      1. Quadrulpe Alliance - prevent trouble w/France (added later)

      2. If one region gets too big; other attack together 

    7. Italy was the “loser” because they were divvyed up amongst the countires participating in Italy 

  • The masses of people in European countries are the ones who elected a national musician

  • Music can be both centripital and centrifugal which can both unite and divide ethnic groups from within 

  • Invocations: 

    • Invocation of Countryside (Pastoralism), rivers or mountains 

    • Invocation of Folk Music

    • Invocation of National (possibly Folk) Literature

    • Martial (military) marching music tradition 

    • Cross-pollination between multiple cultures



Beethoven and the Beginning of Nationalism Portrayed in Music 

  • Programmatic Music; music that fits a program, like music that accompanies a story designed by the composer 


Revanche - French for revenge 


Richard Wagner

  • He was a genius “mad man” 

  • Was patronized by the Bavarian King Ludwig II

  • Very patriotic and grandiose; arousing music 

  • Gesamtkunstwerk - Total Art Work  

    • Wanted to combine all forms of “art” into one story 

    • He created costumes, music, storyline, and patronized it

  • Befriended by the Bavarian king who funded his works

Giuseppe Verdi 

  • Italian opera one of the most famous trumpet solo

Jean Sibelius, Finlandia, 1896 

  • One of the most famous patriotic pieces ever 

  • Finnish independent from the Russian empire



  • Pierre and Marie Curie were the first to discover radiation 

  1. Crystal Palace (A symbol of progeess) 

    1. Crystal Palace 

      1. Britan’s show and tell 

      2. Hyde Park, London, 1851

      3. 19 acres, 3 million individuals panes of glass

  2. Communication 

    1. First transatlantic cable

      1. Followed by others

    2. Telephone and telegraph perfected

    3. Information became necessary 

      1. Newspapers increased 

  3. Transportation

    1. Became very efficient - esp. w/RR

      1. RR - 1000s of miles of RR tracks

    2. Steamships 

    3. First Autos - slowly horses were replaced

    4. 1885 - The Benz - first are produced in Germany

      1. First wealthy only 8/mph

      2. Henry Ford perfected the US

        1. Made the Model T

  4. Commercial Revolution

    1. New ideas in business 

    2. People began coming together > monopolies, cartels, etc. 

    3. “Commercial Imperialism” - business became used as a weapon in foreign policy 

      1. Britain on the cutting edge, followed closely by the US

  5. New Sciences 

    1. Europe invest in subsidize schools 

    2. New topics emerge (Bateriology, Radiology, Athropology, Pyschology)

    3. Charles Darwin’s book come out 


II - New Economic Theories

  1. Laissez-Faire Economies 

    1. Phsicyocrats 

      1. Believed in natural laws & there should be no restrictions

      2. No government intervention 

      3. Let people do as they choose

    2. Adam Smith 

      1. Summarizes thier work in the late 1700s 

        1. In the wealth of nations 

        2. Individuals acting in their own self-interest

        3. Overall benefits for society 

    3. Thomas Malthus 

      1. “Essay on Population” ; Malfusion 

      2. Population grows exponentially. Faster than food supply

      3. Overpopulation is a problem 

        1. Need disease, disaster, famine

      4. No Government Aid!!!

    4. David Ricardo 

      1. Iron Law of Wages

      2. Low Wages > Less kids > Shortage of workers > High wages

      3. High wages > more kids > surplus workers > low wages 

  2. Ideas for Reform 

    1. Jeremy Bentham 

      1. No government involvement unless the actions of a few bring misery to many 

    2. John Stuart Mill

      1. Propsed active reforms (to solve industry’s problems_

      2. Unionize

      3. Right to vote

IV: Socialists theories 

  1. Utopian Societes 

    1. Robert Owen (England)

      1. Raised in abusive indsutlizst system itself 

      2. 1800 sets up model indisutial community 

      3. Better Conditions, safer, sanitary, high wages, schools, etc…

    2. Charles Fournier 

      1. Suggested “Model Communites” Called Phalanstries 

      2. Said “do what you are talented at and share the profits”

      3. This and other Models failed

    3. Louis Blanc 

      1. Set up cooperative workshops w/falnaical support form the government 

      2. From each according to ability to each according to need” 

  2. Marxism/Scientific Socialism 

    1. Karl Marx

    2. Fredrick Engels 

      1. Both: Blamed indistual capilitms for poor conditions

      2. Wrote the Communist Manifesto

      3. Propose Communism — form of complete socialism 

      4. Means of Production is completely publicly owned (no classes) 

    3. Capilims > Working Class Rev. > Fall of Capitalism

    4. Socialism > Communism > Classes society “Dictatorship of the Proletariat”

  1. Jeremy Bentham 

    1. No government involvement unless the actions of a few bring misery to many 

  2. John Stuart Mill

    1. Propsed active reforms (to solve industry’s problems_

    2. Unionize

    3. Right to vote