WEEK 4 CLIN MED

1.
Q: What are the two conditions that make up COPD?
A: Chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

2.
Q: Define chronic bronchitis.
A: A productive cough on most days for at least 3 months per year over 2 consecutive years.

3.
Q: Define emphysema.
A: Permanent dilation of alveoli with destruction of their walls and no obvious fibrosis.

4.
Q: What is the pathophysiology of emphysema?
A: Destruction of alveolar walls, loss of elastic recoil, and formation of bullae.

5.
Q: What is the pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis?
A: Inflammation, mucous production, and thickening of bronchial walls causing airway narrowing.

6.
Q: What is the most common cause of COPD?
A: Smoking.

7.
Q: What is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?
A: A genetic disorder increasing risk of panacinar emphysema.

8.
Q: List common symptoms of COPD.
A: SOB, chronic cough, sputum production, wheezing, hyperinflation, and psychological effects.

9.
Q: How is asthma different from COPD?
A: Asthma is reversible, COPD is not fully reversible.

10.
Q: What are common triggers for asthma?
A: Allergens, air pollution, exercise, infections, weather, additives.

11.
Q: What is the hallmark pathophysiology of asthma?
A: Airway inflammation, intermittent airflow limitation, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

12.
Q: What are signs of an asthma attack?
A: Wheezing, SOB, chest tightness, cough, and reduced FEV1/FVC.

13.
Q: How is asthma managed?
A: Preventers, relievers, symptom controllers, action plan, avoid triggers.

14.
Q: What is cystic fibrosis?
A: An autosomal recessive disorder affecting chloride transport in exocrine glands.

15.
Q: What systems are affected in CF?
A: Lungs, pancreas, liver, reproductive organs.

16.
Q: How is CF diagnosed?
A: Heel prick test, genetic testing, sweat chloride test.

17.
Q: What is the primary treatment goal in CF?
A: Manage respiratory infections, replace enzymes, support nutrition and breathing.

18.
Q: What is pneumonia?
A: Inflammation of lung parenchyma caused by infection.

19.
Q: What are the types of pneumonia?
A: Aspiration, community-acquired, hospital-acquired.

20.
Q: What is the main treatment for pneumonia?
A: Antibiotics.

21.
Q: What causes tuberculosis?
A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

22.
Q: What are signs of pulmonary TB?
A: Persistent cough, haemoptysis, fever, weight loss.

23.
Q: How is TB diagnosed?
A: AFB culture, NAAT/PCR, Mantoux or IGRA.

24.
Q: How long is TB treated?
A: At least 6 months with multiple antibiotics.

🩺 RENAL CONDITIONS

(Covers AKI, CKD, dialysis, pathophysiology, management, clinical impact)

25.
Q: What is acute kidney injury?
A: Sudden loss of kidney function causing fluid, electrolyte, and waste imbalances.

26.
Q: List three causes of AKI.
A: Pre-renal (low blood flow), intrarenal (nephrotoxins), post-renal (obstruction).

27.
Q: What are symptoms of AKI?
A: Low urine output, oedema, confusion, high BP, uremic symptoms.

28.
Q: How is AKI treated?
A: Treat cause, monitor fluids, adjust diet, remove nephrotoxins, dialysis if needed.

29.
Q: What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
A: Kidney damage or decreased function for over 3 months.

30.
Q: List 3 non-modifiable risk factors for CKD.
A: Age, genetics, previous kidney disease.

31.
Q: List 3 modifiable risk factors for CKD.
A: Smoking, poor nutrition, inactivity.

32.
Q: What are symptoms of early CKD?
A: Fatigue, weight loss, itching, nausea.

33.
Q: What are complications of CKD?
A: Gout, high potassium, heart disease, osteoporosis.

34.
Q: How is CKD diagnosed?
A: Proteinuria, creatinine, urea, GFR.

35.
Q: What is the goal of CKD management?
A: Delay progression, control risk factors, treat complications.

36.
Q: What is end-stage renal failure?
A: Kidney function so low that dialysis or transplant is needed.

37.
Q: What is peritoneal dialysis?
A: Dialysis using the peritoneum and fluid exchange through a catheter.

38.
Q: What is haemodialysis?
A: Machine-based dialysis filtering blood via a fistula or catheter.

❤ CARDIAC CONDITIONS

(Covers cardiac function, heart failure, MI, AF, angina, and rehab — patho, symptoms, management)

39.
Q: What is the function of the heart?
A: To pump oxygenated blood to tissues and return deoxygenated blood to lungs.

40.
Q: What is systole?
A: Contraction of the ventricles pushing blood out of the heart.

41.
Q: What is diastole?
A: Relaxation of the heart allowing blood to fill the coronary arteries.

42.
Q: What is cardiac output?
A: Stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.

43.
Q: What is atherosclerosis?
A: Chronic artery narrowing from fatty deposits and inflammation.

44.
Q: What are modifiable risk factors for heart disease?
A: Smoking, obesity, poor diet, inactivity, alcohol.

45.
Q: What is angina?
A: Chest pain from reduced blood flow to the heart.

46.
Q: What is a myocardial infarction?
A: Heart attack caused by blocked blood flow and oxygen to heart tissue.

47.
Q: What are MI symptoms?
A: Crushing chest pain, left arm/jaw pain, SOB, sweating.

48.
Q: What is the treatment for MI?
A: Aspirin, GTN, angioplasty, stent, cardiac rehab.

49.
Q: What is atrial fibrillation?
A: Irregular heartbeat due to abnormal signals in the atria.

50.
Q: What are symptoms of AF?
A: Racing heart, irregular rhythm, fatigue, SOB.

51.
Q: What is heart failure?
A: Inability of the heart to pump blood effectively.

52.
Q: What are signs of heart failure?
A: SOB, fatigue, oedema, reduced exercise tolerance.

53.
Q: How is heart failure treated?
A: Medications, fluid restriction, device therapy, surgery.

54.
Q: What are priorities of cardiac rehab?
A: Exercise, education, behaviour change, psychological support.