Agricultural Biosecurity Test 2

What is an infectious disease?

A disease that is contagious an can be transmitted from host to host via the chain of infection.

What is a contagious disease?

a disease that is easily spread from one host to another

What is a communicable disease?

a disease that is spread from one host to another

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

most important/ contagious livestock disease; fast-spreading VIRAL; short incubation time

What is the incubation time?

time from exposure to start of clinical signs

FMD has ____ mortality and ____ morbidity rates.

low mortality and high morbidity

Because there are many subtypes, it makes it difficult to have one vaccination. (FDM)

true

Which animals do not get FMD?

horses, zebras, donkeys (equine)

-will have cloven hooves

What does the incubation time depend on in FMD?

route of transmission

Cattle are the ____ in FMD.

indicator; 1st to show signs

Swine are the ___ in FMD.

amplifier; multiplies/increases greatly

Sheep/goats are the ___ in FMD.

maintenance; show the fewest signs, not obvious

FMD is a --- disease, which means it is blisters and ulcers. You cannot distinguish one from the other.

Vesicular

What type of transmission takes place for swine for FMD.

aerosol, oral, and lameness= most common

FMD can cause mastitis, which causes?

poor milk production

Why is aging lesions in FMD important?

to know what stage/how far behind you are; time factor

Who is the most common to get FMD?

young as lambs mortality is high

What is the target organ of FMD in calves?

heart

If animals recover from FMD, can they be carriers for an extended time?

yes, for around 2 years

Is FMD zoonotic?

yes

What is the difference in Vesicular stomatitis and FMD?

VS is found in horses and isn't as contagious, fly transmission

Explain fomite transmission in FMD?

people can carry in nasal passages for 36 hours

In Rift Valley Fever (RVF), which animals are the main concern? What type of disease is it?

sheep, cattle, goats; VIRAL disease, can infect mosqutoes

What is the big clinical sign for RVF?

abortion

How is RVF transmitted?

mosquitoes and contact with aborted / infected tissue is how ppl get it

RVF is a periodic thing bc of transovarial disease, explain what this means.

it is transmitted from mom to eggs which are then have virus; during rainfall the eggs and virus become active and then disease is alive

Explain the human signs of RVF.

No clinical signs, most of the time it is neurological

Is RVF zoonotic?

yes ppl can be infected by infected tissue of animals

What is glanders?

bacterial disease; primarily in equine

Is glanders zoonotic?

yes; thru direct contact with infected animals

What is the primary way horses get glanders?

ingestion/ oral

Can swine and cattle get glanders?

no

How is glanders a bioterror threat? (3 reasons)

1. takes few bacteria to cause infection

2. aerosol transmission

3. lack of knowledge

What is the natural reservoir of Avian influenza (AI)?

migratory water fowl

What type of disease is AI? MCF

fatal viral disease

What is the relationship between highly pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) and low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI)?

the low can mutate into the high, which is very severe

Can AI live in frozen products?

yes

AI is classified by 2 different antigens, which are?

Hemagglutinin (H)

Neuraminidase (N)

What is the mixing vessel theory for AI?

where birds have certain have certain attachment site for virus and humans do not, but pig has both, which is the mixing vessel

Explain the antigenic shift of AI?

this is how it mutates so quickly; results in reassortment; 2 viruses get into cell and what comes out is a total different virus

Is AI zoonotic?

yes

Exotic Newcastle Disease (END) is what kind of disease?

foreign animal disease; found in poultry; VIRAL

END can be brought in by black market exotics, particularly amazon parrots, which can be?

carriers for a long time and there are no clinical signs

In terms of biosecurity, it is recommended that workers should not?

Go to another poultry site for 24 hours after being at the first one

What is the most infectious disease for birds/poultry?

END

Rinderpest disease is considered eradicated worldwide.

true

Is Rinderpest zoonotic? texas cattle fever

no

How was rinderpest disease stopped?

wildlife were not apart of the problem to keep it alive

Rinderpest is considered what form of disease?

viral; nontreatable

Rinderpest primarily affects which animal?

cattle

Is Classical Swine Fever zoonotic?

no

Is classical swine fever viral or bacterial?

viral

Is African Swine Fever zoonotic? FMD

no

Is african swine fever viral or bacterial?

viral and hard to eliminate

African swine fever is transmitted how?

tick transmission

Heartwater disease is bacterial or viral?

bacterial; can be treated if gotten to early

What population of animals what heartwater be hard to control in?

deer

How is heartwater disease transmitted?

tick

Is heartwater zoonotic?

no

What are the 3 ways heartwater disease is brought in? (Texas Cattle Fever)

1. Importing animals that have disease

2. infected ticks with disease

3. intro thru migratory birds