DYNAMIC PLANET

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glaciers, dynamic planet

70 Terms

1

Glacier Formation

The process by which snow accumulates, compacts, and transforms into glacial ice over time.

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2

Neve

Granular snow that forms as snow compacts and begins to transform toward glacial ice.

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3

Firn

Densely packed snow that develops from neve under pressure over decades.

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4

Glacial Ice

Ice that forms from the compaction of firn under high pressure and recrystallization.

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5

Crystal Structure of Ice

Ice forms hexagonal crystals which determine its strength and flow characteristics.

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6

Density of Snow

Approximately 50–300 kg/m³.

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7

Density of Firn

Approximately 550 kg/m³.

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8

Density of Glacial Ice

Ranges from approximately 830–917 kg/m³, increasing with compaction.

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9

Accumulation

The addition of snow and ice from processes such as precipitation and avalanches.

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10

Ablation

The loss of ice through processes like melting and sublimation.

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11

Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA)

The altitude at which accumulation equals ablation in a glacier.

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12

Positive Glacial Budget

Occurs when a glacier advances due to more accumulation than ablation.

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13

Negative Glacial Budget

Occurs when a glacier retreats due to more ablation than accumulation.

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14

Internal Deformation

The process where ice crystals slide past one another under pressure allowing the glacier to flow.

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15

Basal Sliding

The movement of glaciers over a lubricant layer of meltwater at the glacier's base.

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16

Glacial Flow Speed

Faster flow occurs at steeper slopes and higher elevations in glaciers.

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17

Valley/Alpine Glaciers

Glaciers located in mountainous regions.

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18

Cirque Glaciers

Glaciers that occupy bowl-shaped depressions.

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19

Hanging Glaciers

Glaciers that end at steep cliffs.

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20

Piedmont Glaciers

Glaciers that spread out at the base of mountains.

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21

Ice Sheets

Massive glaciers covering large areas, such as those in Antarctica and Greenland.

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22

Ice Streams

Fast-moving channels within ice sheets.

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23

Ice Shelves

Floating extensions of glaciers that protrude from land.

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24

Ice Caps

Smaller, dome-shaped glaciers covering less area than ice sheets.

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25

Ice Tongues

Glaciers that extend into the ocean.

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26

Crevices

Deep cracks in the surface of glaciers created by stress.

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27

Ogives

Alternating bands of light and dark ice linked to seasonal flow.

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28

Ice Falls

Steep descents of glaciers that resemble frozen waterfalls.

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29

Calving

The process where icebergs break off from ice shelves into the ocean.

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30

Marine Ice Sheet Instability

A phenomenon where ocean warming causes destabilization of ice sheets.

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31

Ice Shelf Buttressing

The stabilization of inland glaciers provided by the presence of ice shelves.

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32

Cirques

Bowl-shaped hollows carved by glacier erosion.

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33

U-Shaped Valleys

Valleys formed by the erosive action of glaciers on valley walls.

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34

Hanging Valleys

Tributary valleys left above the main U-shaped valley after glacial erosion.

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35

Aretes

Sharp ridges formed between adjacent glacial valleys.

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36

Horns

Pointed peaks shaped by glacial erosion on all sides.

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37

Striations

Grooves in bedrock formed by rocks embedded in moving ice.

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38

Roche Moutonnée

Smooth, asymmetrical bedrock features formed by glaciers.

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39

Moraines

Accumulations of debris deposited by glaciers, categorized by position relative to the glacier.

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40

Terminal Moraines

Deposits formed at the furthest extent of a glacier.

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41

Ground Moraines

Deposits left underneath a glacier.

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42

Kames

Mounds of sediment deposited by meltwater.

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43

Drumlins

Streamlined hills of till formed by glacier movement.

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44

Eskers

Long, winding ridges of sediment deposited by subglacial rivers.

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45

Erratics

Large boulders transported and deposited by glaciers.

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46

Tarns

Small lakes formed in cirques.

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47

Kettles

Depressions formed by melting ice blocks that leave behind low-lying areas.

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48

Moraine-Dammed Lakes

Lakes that form behind moraines blocking drainage.

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49

Permafrost

Permanently frozen ground that remains at a temperature below 0°C for at least two consecutive years.

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50

Pingos

Ice-cored hills resulting from groundwater freezing.

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51

Frazil Ice

Needle-like crystals forming in calm water.

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52

Pancake Ice

Circular slabs that form in turbulent water.

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53

Draft vs. Freeboard

Comparison between submerged and above-water portions of ice.

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54

Pressure Ridges

Ridges formed by the collision and deformation of ice.

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55

Surface Melt

Seasonal melting that contributes to the formation of supraglacial lakes.

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56

Moulins

Vertical shafts that transport meltwater to the base of glaciers.

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57

Subglacial Lakes

Lakes located beneath glaciers, important for understanding glacial hydrology.

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58

Greenhouse Gases

Gases like CO₂ and CH₄ that are released from melting ice, contributing to climate change.

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59

Albedo Effect

The warming effect caused by the loss of reflective ice surfaces.

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60

Isostatic Rebound

The rise of land that occurs after glaciers have melted away.

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61

Milankovitch Cycles

Orbital changes that regulate solar energy distribution, influencing glacial cycles.

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62

Varves

Annual layers of sediment deposited in glacial lakes, representing seasonal deposition.

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63

Outwash

Sorted sediments that result from glacial meltwater activity.

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64

Till

Unsorted debris deposited directly by glaciers.

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65

Altimetry

A method to measure changes in ice surface height.

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66

Radar

Technique used to reveal ice thickness and subglacial features.

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67

Seismology

The study of icequakes and subglacial processes using seismic methods.

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68

Gravimetry

Method of mapping gravitational variations to estimate ice mass.

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69

Ice Cores

Cylinders of ice drilled from glaciers that contain gases and aerosols indicating past climates.

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70

Glacial Hazards

Risks associated with glaciers, like ice avalanches and GLOFs (Glacial Lake Outburst Floods).

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