Elizabeth foreign and religious policies

Foreign and religious policies

Elizabeth’s foreign marital situation

considered:

Philip ii

Duke of Austria

Duke of Anjou 1579 to stop French invading Netherlands

Mary Queen of Scots

Had issues involved in the conspiracy that her 3rd husband murdered her 2nd husband leading to a domestic civil war and Mary fleeing to England where Elizabeth put her under house arrest

Problems with Mary queen of Scots

she was supported by many of the Catholics in England and became the focus in many plots to overthrow Elizabeth and make her Queen

1587 her execution is finally administered after Elizabeth debated whether to sign the death warrant

Situation in France

Less of an issue as the had their own religious problems and they already had Calais

Situation in Scotland

They had the Auld alliance and continuing succession wars

Situation in Netherlands

useful for trade however could be used as an invasion route and owned by Spain

What happened to sea beggars

Dutch pirates who Elizabeth expelled from English ports so they went to Dutch ports and fought against Spanish ruling

what was the pacification of Ghent

1576 an alliance between the provinces in the Netherlands against the Spanish mercenaries

What was the role of the unions

Union of Ultrech= Northern and Protestant with the Dutch rebels and William Orange

Union of Arras= Southern and Catholic with the Spanish and Duke of Parma

How did Elizabeth worsen the situation with the Spanish in the 1580s and why

She took on an anti-spanish position e.g. supporting Portuguese pretender Don Antonio and treating Spanish Ambassadors badly because they became more powerful in the annexation of Portugal

What was the treaty of Joinville

1584 Philip ii and the Catholic De guise family

What was the treaty of Nonsuch

1585 Elizabeth and the Dutch Protestants

What happened to trade during the time

moved from Antwerp to Amsterdam and by 1565 78% of all English exports went there including 90% of the wool

Main reasons for decline of Anglo Spanish relations in the 1560s

Elizabeths support of John Hawkins who was raiding Spanish gold

Philip ii control of Netherlands and e supporting its rebels

English antagonism and Philip ii support of Mary and plots

Why did Philip send the Spanish Armada

a religious crusade and retaliation for Elizabeth who sent Earl of Leicester to the Netherlands and Sir Francis Drake to the Americas.

who led the Spanish in the Armada and with what tools

Duke of Medina Sidonia with 30 000 sailors 20 000 soldiers and 130 ships

who was the leader of the Englishand tools did they have

Lord Howard, Francis Drake and John Hawkins with 14 000 sailors 20 000 soldiers and 200 ships

Outline what happened during the Spanish Armada

The spanish set sail in English waters in July 1588 in a crescent formation and avoided England’s defence. They docked at Calais to collect the troops from the Netherlands in which the English sent fire ships to make them scatter so they could easily the Spanish ships this led to the Battle of Gravelines in which there were a considerable amount of Spanish losses

how many Spanish ships and people remained vs English

67 of 130 ships returned to Spain and all Englands boats remained and 20 000 Spanish killed compared to 100 english

Spains weakenesses

Medina had no naval experience,

once they scattered they didnt have a good defence against England

Philip ii was disorganised and overambitious/arrogant

Spanish Fleet and boats were too big

The plan to collect more men was flawed as they were just waiting to be attacked=vulnerable

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England’s strengths

Sending the fire ships were a good tactic

The English worked with the weather

English ships were small and quick so easy to manoeuvre and they had long range guns

English had more experienced navy compared to the Spanish who were better land fighters

Francis Drake had naval and weather experience

Other reasons for the Spanish failure

the weather was working against the Spanish so the winds ruined their formations and storms prevented them from attacking England

what was Puritanism and an example of an issue

Godly Protestants who wanted to remove all superstitious Catholic practices e.g. in the vestarian controversy Thomas Samson and 37 clergymen was removes for refusing to wear the required vestements

what was a presbyterian and what did they want

A form of calvinism where they believed in equality and removal of bishops/ hierarchy in churches

What were the 2 admonitions

pamphlets1. attacks the book of common prayer and calls for the abolition of bishops


2. presbyterian system of church government

Thomas Cartwright VS John Whitgift

Presbyterianism vs their attitude would destroy the church

Why was presbyterianism a threat

despite it being only in Cambridge Essex London and parts of the East Midlands it was supported by Earl of Huntingdon Leicester and Lord Burghley

Created issues in Parliament

Andrew Cope and Peter Turner tried to bring change through parliament but failed in the 1580s

e.g. bills to replace the BOC as more puritan

who were the separatists and what were the issues

they regarded the English church as incapable of removing popish practices leading to small movements in London that were stopped by the authorities and led to the execution of Barrows and greenwood

Why was Catholicism an issue

remaining Catholic beliefs led to those who didn’t conform being exiled to the Spanish Netherland’s

Excommunicated by Pope in 1570 leading to Catholic plots

Jesuits

What was the ridolfi plot

1571-to assassinate Elizabeth and make Mary Queen supported by Norfolk Philip and Mary and uncovered by Cecil

what was the Babington plot

1586 planned to rescue Mary from prison and murder Elizabeth and secret letters were found between him and Mary proving her guilty leading to her execution along with 6 plotters

What laws did England pass to control Catholics

1571 making papal bills treasonable

1585 Act against jesuits and seminary priests led to 123 Priests executed

How were recusancy fines changed

from 12d to £20 per month in 1581

1587 any delays in payments led to 2/3 of property being seized by exchequer

What was the threat of Jesuits

A college called Douai in Netherlands trained Catholic priests to be sent to England and secretly keep Catholicism alive

1575 11 priests arrived in England

1580-85 179 arrived in England e.g. Edmund Campion

and they were hidden by Catholic Noble families