Understand The Self

Socrates

A philosopher who emphasized self-understanding through questioning and the pursuit of wisdom and perfection. He believed in a dualistic reality of body and soul.

Plato

A student of Socrates who developed the idea of a 3-part soul/self consisting of reason, physical appetite, and spirit/passion. He believed in the importance of self-control and the pursuit of knowledge.

Aristotle

A philosopher who believed that the mind/self is a blank tablet at birth and that self-knowledge is acquired through experiences. He introduced the concept of matter and form in the self.

Stoicism

A philosophical school that advocates for the control of emotions and the pursuit of virtue. Stoics believe that passion is a hindrance to virtue and that one should strive to be carefree.

Hedonism

A philosophical school that believes pleasure is the only good in life and pain is the only evil. Hedonists seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in their pursuit of happiness.

Epicureanism

A philosophical school that promotes contentment with simple things and the avoidance of disappointment. Epicureans believe that pleasure can be found in the absence of pain.

St

A medieval philosopher who emphasized the union of self with God through faith and reason. He believed that belief is necessary to attain self-fulfillment.

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A medieval philosopher who believed that self-knowledge is dependent on the experience of the world. He argued that the things we love can reveal our true selves.

Rene Descartes

A modern philosopher who believed in the distinction between the mind and the body. He argued that the mind is responsible for thinking and imagining, while the body interacts with the physical world.

John Locke

A modern philosopher who proposed that personal identity is made possible by self-consciousness. He believed that our experiences shape who we are as individuals.

David Hume

A modern philosopher who denied the existence of a self. He argued that the self is a bundle of constantly changing perceptions.

Immanuel Kant

A modern philosopher who believed that the self is an unifying subject that organizes consciousness and makes intelligible experience possible. He proposed that we have our own ways of organizing and knowing things.

Gilbert Ryle

A modern philosopher who rejected the idea of a separate "mind" and believed that the self is manifested through behavior and actions.

Paul & Patricia Churchland

Contemporary philosophers who argue that the self is the brain. They believe that mental states will eventually be explained by brain states.

Edmund Husserl

A contemporary philosopher who emphasized the importance of paying close attention to our experiences in order to understand the self and the world better. He believed in the unity of the mental and the physical.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

A contemporary philosopher who viewed the self as embodied subjectivity. He believed that our bodies, through our senses, help us understand the world.

Charles Horton Cooley

A sociologist who introduced the concept of the Looking Glass self, which states that our self-perception is shaped by how we believe others perceive us.

Joseph Luft & Harrington Ingham

Creators of the Johari Window, a technique used to enhance individuals' perception of self and others.

George Herbert Mead

A sociologist who developed the theory of symbolic interactionism, which states that the self is created and developed through human interaction. He distinguished between the "I" and the "Me" self.

Sigmund Freud

A psychologist who believed that the self is multi-layered, consisting of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. He introduced the concepts of the id, ego, and superego in the structure of the self.

Carl Rogers

A psychologist who proposed the concept of the real and ideal self. He believed that the self is defined by social comparison and that self-esteem plays a role in self-evaluation.

Bryan Turner

A sociologist who emphasized the importance of the body in contemporary society and introduced the concept of bodyshaming.

Erik Erikson

A psychologist who developed the psychosocial theory of development, which focuses on the development of a sense of competence and ability to choose roles in society.

Psychosexual Theory of Development (Sigmund Freud)

A theory that posits that the construction of self and personality is based on the physical body and the stages of psychosexual development.

Genetic basis for Sex Determination

The X and Y chromosomes determine an individual's biological sex, which is further developed through secondary sex characteristics.

Erogenous Zones

Parts of the body that experience heightened sensitivity and signal sexual arousal.

The Sexual Response Cycle

A physiological response in sexual activity that consists of stages of excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Love vs

Love is a decision and unconditional, while lust is a feeling or infatuation.

Chemistry of Lust, Attraction, and Attachment

Different hormones, such as testosterone, estrogen, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, oxytocin, and vasopressin, play a role in lust, attraction, and attachment.

Gender Identity

The innermost concept of self as male, female, both, or neither.

Gender Expression

The ways in which individuals choose to display their gender identity through behavior, clothing, haircut, and voice.

Sexual Orientation/Attraction

Refers to who an individual is romantically and sexually attracted to.

Straight

Attracted to the opposite gender.

Gay/Lesbian

Attracted to the same gender.

Bisexual

Attracted to both genders.

Unitive

The purpose of sexual intercourse to unite a couple.

Procreative

The purpose of sexual intercourse to create more people.

Pope Francis

Advocates for the Catholic Church to welcome and love all people regardless of sexual orientation.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Infections transmitted through unprotected sex, drug use, blood transfusion, pregnancy, and non-sterile instruments.

Philippine Laws on HIV/AIDS

Republic Act 8504 for AIDS prevention and control, Republic Act 11166 for HIV and AIDS education rights and free treatment, and prohibits discrimination.

How to avoid STIs and AIDS

Abstinence, vaccination, and mutual monogamy.

Material Self

Tangible objects, people, or places that carry the designation "my" or "mine."

Bodily Self

Any part of our body that is an intimate part of who we are.

Extended Self

Anything beyond our body that is part of our self-identity.

Functions of Possessions

Influence, power, sympathy, social status, and emotions.

Materialism

The importance a consumer attaches to worldly possessions.

Symbolic Communication Model

Possessions as symbolic expressions of identity.

Conspicuous Consumption

Impressing others through high-status possessions.

Loss of Possessions

The unstable meanings attached to possessions and the impact of losing them.

Pets as Extensions of the Self

The relationship between individuals and their pets as part of their self-identity.

Religion

An organized system of ideas about the spiritual or supernatural realm, accompanied by rituals.

Spirituality

The search for meaning and direction in life beyond organized religion.

Ritual

Repeated actions or activities in religious practices.

Types of Ritual

Calendar-based rituals and crisis-based rituals.

Stages of Faith Development for Adolescence

Synthetic Conventional Stage and Individuative-Reflective Stage.

Logotherapy

Finding personal meaning in life.

Digital Self

How we interact with others using technology and how our behavior is influenced by technology.

Identity

Development of one's self-concept, including thoughts and feelings about oneself.

Online Anonymity

Engaging in digital activities without revealing one's true identity.

Digital Citizenship

Engaging and existing online in terms of access and inclusion, learning and creativity, media and information literacy, well-being online, and rights online.

Digital World Issues and Conflicts

Fear of missing out (FoMO), Screen Dependency Disorder, and Internet gaming disorder.