unit 1 quiz #3 - condensation, hydrolysis, and carbohydrates

Condensation Definition

• Synthesis reaction

• When 2 or more molecules combine due to REMOVING water molecules at the site of the linkage

Removing water forms a bond to make it overall bigger

Condensation Biological Importance

Allow formation of biological polymer → starch, proteins, fat, and nucleic acids

Hydrolysis Definition

• Catabolic reaction

• Where a water molecule is used to break a covalent bond to split (lyse) a larger molecule into subunits

Water is ADDED to make the large molecule into smaller components

Hydrolysis Biological Importance

• In digestion → break down nutrients

• Breaks down polymers into monomers

4 Different Types of Carbohydrate Structures

• Monosaccharides (single subunit) 

• Disaccharides (2 subunits) 

• Oligosaccharides (a few subunits) 

• Polysaccharides (hundreds to thousands of subunits)

• examples/includes: sugars, satrches, cellulose, chitin

• contains: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (H2O)

Carbohydrates Function

• Immediate energy sources, energy storage, and structural materials

About Sugars

• Provide energy immediately

• Simplest carbohydrates

• Simple sugars are monosaccharides, with 3-7 carbon atoms

• Most important sugars for humans are involved in energy conversions and have 5 (pentose) or 6 (hexose) carbons

Aldehyde

An aldehyde has a double-bonded oxygen attached to a carbon that has a hydrogen next to it

• think alde-H-yde because there’s an "H" on the carbon

Ketone

Have a double-bonded oxygen with carbons on both sides, so there’s no hydrogen directly attached to that carbon

Three Hexose Sugars

Aldehyde - glucose and galactose

Ketone - Fructose

Disaccharides

• Two monosaccharides linked together 

• Formed by condensation reactions

Disaccharides: Glucose + Glucose

= Maltose + Water

Disaccharides: Glucose + Fructose

= Sucrose + Water

Disaccharides: Glucose + Galactose

=  Lactose + Water