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Anatomy
The study of body structure, derived from Greek words meaning "up" and "cutting."
Physiology
The study of how the body functions.
Homeostasis
A condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment, maintaining life-compatible functions.
Cytology
The study of cells, the smallest living unit of the body.
Histology
The study of tissues, which are groupings of like cells working together.
Systemic Anatomy
Study of the body through its systems.
Regional Anatomy
Study of the body through sections or regions.
Surface Anatomy
Study of surface markings and palpation.
Gross Anatomy
Study of structures without the use of a microscope.
Clinical Anatomy
Practical study related to health sciences.
Pathological Anatomy
Study of abnormal changes causing diseases.
Developmental Anatomy
Study from inception (zygote) to death.
Integumentary System
Comprises skin, tissues, sweat and oil glands, nails, and hair.
Skeletal System
Comprises bones, joints, and cartilages.
Muscular System
Comprises all muscles in the body.
Lymphatic System
Comprises spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, and immune response cells.
Endocrine System
Comprises hormone-producing glands like the hypothalamus and pituitary.
Nervous System
Comprises the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs.
Cardiovascular System
Comprises the heart and blood vessels.
Respiratory System
Comprises lungs and air passage organs.
Digestive System
Comprises esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.
Urinary System
Comprises kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Reproductive System
Comprises gonads (ovaries and testicles).
Metabolism
All chemical processes in the body, including breakdown and creation of substances.
Responsiveness
The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment.
Anatomical Position
The body in an upright position with legs parallel, arms at sides, and palms facing forward.
Supine
Lying down with the face up.
Prone
Lying down with the face down.
Anterior
Front of the body.
Posterior
Back of the body.
Superior
A position higher than another.
Inferior
A position lower than another.
Proximal
Position in a limb nearest to the trunk.
Distal
Position in a limb furthest from the trunk.
Medial
Position towards the midline of the body.
Lateral
Position away from the midline of the body.
Serous Membrane
Thin membranes covering walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Dorsal Cavity
Contains the cranial and spinal cavities.
Ventral Cavity
Contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Thoracic Cavity
Superior subdivision of the ventral cavity, containing the lungs and heart.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Largest cavity in the body, housing digestive and reproductive organs.
Feedback System
Cycle of events where the body is monitored and re-monitored to maintain homeostasis.
Negative Feedback
Reverses a change in a controlled condition (e.g., blood pressure regulation).
Positive Feedback
Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition (e.g., childbirth).
Interstitial Fluid
Extracellular fluid between cells and tissues.
Blood Plasma
Extracellular fluid within blood vessels.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Extracellular fluid in the brain and spinal cord.
Synovial Fluid
Extracellular fluid in joints.
Aqueous Humor
Extracellular fluid in the eyes.
Anatomy and Physiology are
Interrelated
Detect and respond to changes in environment
Responsiveness
making something different than what is was before
Differentiation
Observe the body - identify changes
Inspection
Touch - presses the body of the patient)
Palpitation
listen to body sounds stethoscope
Auscultation
tap on body surface to produce sound
Percussion
an imaginary two - dimensional flat surface passing through the body or organ
Plane
slice or cut through a structure (eg. biopsy)
Section
layer of the membranes that lines the internal surface walls of the body cavity
parietal layers
lines the external surface of the membrane and covers the organs
Visceral layer
the serous membrane that surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity
The pleura
the serous membrane that surrounds the heart in the pericardial cavity
The pericardium
the serous membrane that surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
the peritoneum
pericardial sac
fluid prevents friction between the heart and the walls of the sac
peritoneal cavity
fluid prevents friction between abdominal and pelvic organs and the wall of the cavity
9 regions Used by Anatomists
Abdominopelvic Regions
4 quadrants used by Health Professionals
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
biological study of the activities that take place in a cell to keep it alive
Cell Physiology
the study of specific organ systems such as how they function
Systemic Physiology
study of organ function in interaction with cellular and molecular biological alterations
Organ Physiology
study of the disordered physiological processes that cause or result from disease or injury
Pathophysiology
Receptor, Control Center, Effector
Three Basic Components of the Feedback System