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unit 1 quiz #3 - condensation, hydrolysis, and carbohydrates

Condensation

  • Definition

    • Synthesis reaction

    • When 2 or more molecules combine due to REMOVING water molecules at the site of the linkage

    • Removing water forms a bond to make it overall bigger

  • Biological importance

    • Allow formation of biological polymer → starch, proteins, fat, and nucleic acids

  • Structure formula

    • Circle H and OH/HO in the reactants side and put H2O on the product side

    • Write structure formula the same as it is without the H and OH 

      • Circle & label functional groups and linkages on both sides of the equation

Hydrolysis

  • Definition

    • Catabolic reaction

    • Where a water molecule is used to break a covalent bond to split (lyse) a larger molecule into subunits

    • Water is ADDED to make the large molecule into smaller components


  • Biological importance

    • In digestion → break down nutrients

    • Breaks down polymers into monomers


  • Structure formula

    • Break down H2O into H and OH and put each on the END of the first condensation, then plus the other at the start of the second part condensation

    • Name and circle linkages and functional groups


Carbohydrates

  • There are 4 different structures

    • Monosaccharides (single subunit) 

    • Disaccharides (2 subunits) 

    • Oligosaccharides (a few subunits) 

    • Polysaccharides (hundreds to thousands of subunits)

  • Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (H2O)

  • Formula : Cx(H2O)y 

    • Ex. C6H12O6

  • Includes: Sugars, Starches, Cellulose, Chitin

  • Function:

    • Immediate energy sources, energy storage, and structural materials


Sugars

  • Provide energy immediately

  • Simplest carbohydrates

  • Simple sugars are monosaccharides, with 3-7 carbon atoms

  • Most important sugars for humans are involved in energy conversions and have 5 (pentose) or 6 (hexose) carbons


Monosaccharides

  • Simplest form of carbohydrates 

  • The term saccharide and suffix –ose refer to sugars 

    • Simple sugars examples: glucose, fructose, and galactose

  • Contain a single chain of carbon atoms to which carbonyl group and hydroxyl groups attach 

  • Can be distinguished by:

    • The carbonyl group they possess (aldehyde or ketone) 

    • The number of atoms in their carbon backbone 

      • (eg: a sugar with 5 carbons is called a pentose)

Aldehyde has double bond O at the end of chain (glucose and galactose)

Ketone has double bond O in the middle of chain (fructose)

 Disaccharides

  • Two monosaccharides linked together 

  • Formed by condensation reactions

    • Examples:

      • Glucose + Glucose -----> Maltose + Water

      • Glucose + Fructose ----> Sucrose + Water

      • Glucose + Galactose ----> Lactose + Water

Cellulose

  • Consists of hundreds to over thousands of glucose units 

  • Makes up the structural component of cells walls 

  • It is the most abundant polysaccharide on Earth!

Chitin

  • Makes up the hard exterior of crustaceans and insects 

  • Second-most abundant organic material found in nature 

  • Used by humans in the medical applications 

    • (eg. biodegradable stitches, contact lenses)