BTECH M2

SITE WORKS

Work done at a site in preparation for a construction project, as excavation, sheeting, shoring, and grading

SITE

The geographic location of a construction project, usually defined by legal boundaries.

PROPERTY LINE
SET BACK
EASEMENT

SITE COMPONENTS

PROPERTY LINE

One of the legally defined and recorded boundaries of a parcel of land - LOT LINE.

SET BACK

The minimum required distance for every structure to the property lines of a lot, established by a zoning ordinance to provide for air, light, solar access, and privacy.

EASEMENT

Legal right held by specified persons or the public to make limited use of the land of another

SITE PROFILE

A vertical section of the ground surface taken parallel to a survey line

EXISTING GRADE
FINISH GRADE
BELOW GRADE

FUNDAMENTALS SITE PROFILE ELEVATIONS

EXISTING GRADE

The elevation of the original ground surface before excavation or grading begins. NATURAL GRADE

FINISH GRADE

The elevation of drives, walks, lawns, or other improved surfaces after completion of construction or grading operations

BELOW GRADE

Occurring or situated below the surface of the ground

EARTHWORK

The excavation and embankment of earth in connection with an engineering operation.

EXCAVATION

The digging and removal of earth from its natural position, or the cavity resulting from such removal.

BACKFILL

To refill an excavation with earth, stone, or other material, esp. the space around exterior foundation wall

MADE GROUND

Ground that has been raised to a higher level by filling with hard rubble, as stone or broken brick

STRUCTURE

A stable assembly of structural elements designed and constructed to function as a whole in supporting and transmitting applied load safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in the members

CONCRETE

An artificial, stonelike building material made by mixing cement and various mineral aggregates with sufficient water to cause the cement to set and bind the entire mass

CEMENT
MIXING WATER
FINE AGGREGATE
COURSE AGGREGATE

CONCRETE COMPONENTS

CEMENT

A calcined mixture of clay and limestone, finely pulverized and used as an ingredient in concrete and mortar.

MIXING WATER

The water used in a concrete or mortar mix, exclusive of any absorbed by the aggregate and free of such harmful substances as organic material, clay, and salts.

FINE AGGREGATE

Aggregate consisting of sand having a particle size smaller than ¼ in. (6.4 mm)

COURSE AGGREGATE

Aggregate consisting of crushed stone, gravel, or blastfurnace slag having a particle size larger than ¼ in. (6.4 mm):

FOUNDATION

The lowest division of a building or other construction, partly or wholly below the surface of the ground, designed to support and anchor the superstructure and transmit its loads directly to the earth.

CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT

The gradual downward movement of a soil layer, particularly saturated clay, due to the expulsion of pore water after an external load is applied

SHEAR STRESS

the force per unit area that acts parallel to a material's surface, causing it to deform by slipping or sliding, much like a deck of cards being pushed sideways.

SHALLOW FOUNDATION

A foundation system placed directly below the lowest part of a substructure and transferring building loads directly to the supporting soil by vertical pressure

DEEP FOUNDATION

A foundation system that extends down through unsuitable soil to transfer building loads to a more appropriate bearing stratum well below the superstructure

SPREAD FOOTING

A concrete footing extended laterally to distribute the foundation load over a wide enough area that the allowable bearing capacity of the supporting soil is not exceeded.

STRIP FOOTING

The continuous spread footing of a foundation wall

ISOLATED FOOTING

A single spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier

CONTINUOUS FOOTING

A reinforced concrete footing extended to support a row of columns

GRADE BEAM

A reinforced concrete beam supporting a superstructure at or near ground level and transferring the load to isolated footings, piers, or piles. GROUND BEAM

CANTILEVER BEAM

A reinforced concrete footing connected by a tie beam to another footing in order to balance an asymmetrical imposed load, as at the perimeter of a building site. STRAP FOOTING

COMBINED FOOTING

A reinforced concrete footing for a perimeter column or foundation wall extended to support an interior column load.

MAT FOUNDATION

A thick, slab-like footing of reinforced concrete supporting a number of columns or an entire building

RAFT

A mat providing a footing on yielding soil, usually for an entire building, placed so that the weight of the displaced soil exceeds the weight of the construction

RIBBED MAT

A mat foundation reinforced by a grid of ribs above or below the slab.

CELLULAR MAT

A composite structure of reinforced concrete slabs and basement walls serving as a mat foundation.

COLUMN

A rigid, relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support axial, compressive loads applied at the member ends

SHORT COLUMN
LONG COLUMN

REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN CLASSIFICATION

SHORT COLUMN

A thick column subject to failure by crushing rather than by buckling. When the unsupported height of the column is not greater than ten times the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section. H < 10 (least dimension)

LONG COLUMN

A slender column subject to failure by buckling rather than by crushing. When the unsupported height of the column is more than ten times the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section. H > 10 (least dimension)

TIED COLUMN

SPIRAL COLUMN

COMPOSITE COLUMN

COMBINED COLUMN

LALLY COLUMN

REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN TYPES

TIED COLUMN

A concrete column reinforced by vertical bars and individual lateral ties.

SPIRAL COLUMN

A concrete column with spiral reinforcement enclosing a circular core reinforced with vertical bars

COMPOSITE COLUMN

Where structural steel columns are embedded into the concrete core of a column.

COMBINED COLUMN

Where structural steel is encased in concrete of at least 7 cm. thick, reinforced with wire mesh surrounding the column at a distance of 3 cm. inside the outer face of the concrete cover

LALLY COLUMN

Fabricated steel pipe provided with flat steel plate which holds a girder or girt, and is filled with grout or concrete to prevent corrosion

0.01

0.08

AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI) CODE SAME WITH NSCP (2015)

“The cross sectional area of the vertical reinforcement shall not be less than ______ nor more than ____ times the gross area of the column section.

AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE

ACI

16 times

48 times

The maximum spacing for lateral ties in columns, according to the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP), is the smallest of the following three criteria:

• Not be more than _____ the diameter of the main reinforcing bar.

• Not be more than ______ the diameter of the lateral ties.

• Not be more than the shortest dimension of the cross section of the column.

25 mm

1.33 times the maximum aggregate size

The NSCP also specifies a minimum clear spacing between the lateral ties (and all parallel reinforcement bars in a layer) which must be at least the greatest of the following:

BEAM

A rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements.

SIMPLE BEAM
CANTILEVER BEAM
CONTINUOUS BEAM

BEAM CLASSIFICATION

SIMPLE BEAM

A beam resting on simple supports at both ends, which are free to rotate and have no moment resistance.

CANTILEVER BEAM

A projecting beam supported at only one fixed end.

CONTINUOUS BEAM

A beam extending over more than two supports in order to develop greater rigidity and smaller moments than a series of simple beams having similar spans and loading

LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement essentially parallel to the horizontal surface of a slab or to the long axis of a concrete beam

WEB REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement consisting of bent bars or stirrups, placed in a concrete beam to resist diagonal tension.

TOP BAR

Any of the longitudinal bars serving as tension reinforcement in the section of a concrete beam subject to a negative moment.

BOTTOM BAR

Any of the longitudinal bars serving as tension reinforcement in the section of a concrete beam subject to a positive moment

TRUSS BAR

A longitudinal bar bent up or down at points of moment reversal in a reinforced concrete beam

STIRRUPS

Any of the U-shaped or closed-loop bars placed perpendicular to the longitudinal reinforcement of a concrete beam to resist vertical component of diagonal tension

BUILDING CODE ON BALANCE REINFORCEMENT

“The cross-sectional area of steel reinforcement shall be equal to 0.005 times the cross-sectional product of the width and the depth of the beam.

0.005 times

BUILDING CODE ON BALANCE REINFORCEMENT
“The cross-sectional area of steel reinforcement shall be equal to ______ the cross-sectional product of the width and the depth of the beam.