Studied by 22 people
Duma
Similar to congress. Czar Nicholas II made reforms to government to make a Duma. Duma did things that Nicholas didn’t want, so he resolved Duma later.
Nicholas II
Last Emperor of Russia. He was overthrown during the November Revolution. Forced to make reforms during Revolution of 1905 (The one with workers strikes, revolts, assassinations of leaders, etc)
October Manifesto
Nicholas’ II promised freedoms which established Duma; but was dissolved soon after. Was made due to revolution of 1905. Guaranteed civil liberties
Pogrom
Mob attacks against Jews
Revolution of 1905
Caused by Bloody Sunday massacre. Economic and social problems. Similar to what France had gone to. Strikes and people revolting, assassinations, leaders being killed.
Zemstvo
Local representative government
Bolsheviks
Communists in Russia
Command Economy
Government makes all economic decisions
Five year Plan
Plans put in place by Stalin
Command economy - government makes all economic decisions
Build heavy industry, transportation, increase farm output
Leon Trotsky
Stalin’s rival to take over Soviet Union (Lost). Lead Red Army in Civil war. Lenin’s partner. Died by icepick in head. (ouch)
The Great Purge
Stalin’s attacks on anyone in the party/army he saw as a threat, eventually hit ordinary citizens as well
Given “show trials”, executed or sent to labor camps
At least four million deaths
Holodomor
Stalin’s agricultural policies led to terrible famine, as many as eight million people may have starved to death. Referred as Ukrainian Holocaust
Alexander Kerensky
Leader of provisional government. Could have been a great leader if he didn’t continue in the war.
V. I. Lenin
First leader of the Soviet Union
Supreme soviet - elected legislature
USSR
New Economic Policy (NEP) - government retains control of major industries and financial institutions, but small businesses were allowed to operate for profit
Showed some success, industrial output increased
March Revolution
Series of protests and uprisings in Russia in 1917 that led to the overthrow of the imperial government. Led to establishment of the Russian Provisional Government.
NEP
New Economic Policy
Government retains control of major industries and financial institutions, but small businesses were allowed to operate for profit
November Revolution
Members of the Bolshevik political party seized power in the capital of Russia (Petrograd). Put Bolsheviks in power and lead to development of Soviet Union
Proletariat
Communist term for “We People” Working class or common people of Russia.
Rasputin
Self-proclaimed holy man, gained influence over Tsar Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra due to his supposed ability to heal their son's hemophilia. Rasputin's influence over the royal family and his scandalous personal life made him a target of criticism and suspicion among the Russian people. Assassinated by a group of nobles who feared his influence over the royal family.
Soviets
Workers' councils that emerged in Russia; they were formed by workers and soldiers who were dissatisfied with the Provisional Government that had been established after the February (March) Revolution. They were a big part in the Bolshevik uprising of the November revolution
Josef Stalin
“Man of Steel”
Lenin died in 1924, power struggle ensued between Josef Stalin and Leon Trotsky
Gained control of the party infrastructure and leadership, used that to defeat his rival claimants to the head of the USSR
Stalin’s first goal was industrialization
Five year plans
Stalin’s agricultural policies led to terrible famine, as many as eight million people may have starved to death known as the Holodomor
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire) that ended Russia's participation in World War I. Marked the beginning of the Russian Civil War and the consolidation of Bolshevik power in Russia.
Whites
Loose confederation of anti-communist forces that fought the Bolsheviks in Russian Civil war.
Glasnost
“openness”, refers to a lessening of hard-line Soviet censorship, secrecy, open the government to debate, criticism
Perestroika
“restructuring” of government and economy, some free market ideas mixed with the essence of communism
Lead to shortages, inflation, factories closing, unemployment, some Soviet reps, leaving USSR, conflict with hard-liners
Boris Yeltsin
President of Russia, first president of Russian Federation after dissolution of the USSR
Problems- change to market economy, inflation, unemployment, crime, terrorism, debt crisis, conflict with west, yearning for “good old days”
Vladimir Putin
President of Russia after resignation of Yeltsin
Former member of KGB
Returned “law and order,” rebuilt economy
Re-elected March 2012
With constitutional changes, can remain president until 2036.
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