theories of personality- test 2

Erikson states that development follows——- stages influenced by genetics

predetermined sequence

Crisis (Erikson)

A turning point in development

Maldevelopment

a condition that occurs when the ego relies on only one way of coping with conflict.

Trust vs Mistrust (birth-1 year)

Concept: confidence that needs will be met and the world is reliable.

Adaptive: caregiver is consistent, warm, and reliable

Maladaptive: caregiver is neglectful, inconsistent and rejecting.

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (2-3 years)

Concept: Determination to make choices and act independently

Adaptive: Child develops independence through choices and self-control. Encouraged exploration

Maladaptive: Overly controlling or critical caregivers. Child feels incapable or embarrassed by mistakes.

Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years)

Concept: Ability to set and pursue goals with confidence.

Adaptive: Child begins planning, creating, and taking leadership

Maladaptive: Excessive criticism or restriction leads to guilt about desires or actions.

Industriousness vs Inferiority (6-11 years)

Concept: Belief in one’s own ability to work hard and master skills

Adaptive: Child learns skills and gains competence.

Maladaptive: Failure, comparison, or harsh feedback leads to feelings of inadequacy.

Identity Cohesion vs Role Confusion (12-18 years)

Concept: Ability to commit to values, relationships, and identity.

Adaptive: Teen forms a stable sense of self, values, and future direction.

Maladaptive: Uncertainty, goals, or belonging.

Intimacy vs. Isolation (19-35 years)

Concept: Capacity for genuine committed relationships

Adaptive: Ability to form deep and meaningful relationships

Maladaptive: fear of vulnerability leads to loneliness or emotional withdrawal.

Generativity vs Stagnation (35-55 years)

Concept: Commitment to nurturing others and contributing to society.

Adaptive: Desire to guide the next generation through parenting, mentoring, or meaningful work.

Maladaptive: Self absorption, lack of growth or feeling unproductive.

Ego Integrity vs Despair (55+ years)

Concept: Peaceful acceptance of life and insight into the human experience.

Adaptive: Acceptance of one’s life as meaningful and coherent

Maladaptive: Regret, bitterness, or fear that life was wasted.

Gordon Allport believed personality is made up of consistent and —— traits

enduring

cardinal traits

Dominant traits that shape a person’s entire life. Rare and few people have one. ex. Mother Theresa (compassion)

Central Traits

Core traits that form the foundation of personality. Everyone has between 5-10. Ex. honesty, shy, anxious.

Secondary Traits

Traits shown only in specific situations. Less consistent and less influential.

Habits

Routine behaviors tied to specific cues. More specific than traits

Attitudes

Evaluations of people, objects, or ideas. Involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Ages 1-3: Bodily Self

Awareness of one’s own body. First sense of this is me

Ages 1-3: Self Identity

Understanding of being a continuous, separate person. Recognition of name and personal experience

Ages 1-3: Self Esteem

Pride in accomplishments. I can do things myself

Ages 4-6: Extension of Self

Seeing possessions, family, and environment as part of oneself. ex. My toys, my house

Ages 4-6: Self Image

Awareness of how others see them. Development of goals, expectations, and conscience.

Ages 6-12: Self as a rational coper

Child becomes logical, responsible, and problem solving. Increased planning and reasoning.

Ages 6-12: Self Rational

Understanding the rules, cause and effect, and consequences. Expands rational thinking.

Adolescence: Propriate Striving

Development of long-term goals and purpose. Motivation becomes future oriented. Formation of identity and direction.

Cattell Traits

Basic structural units of personality. Measurable, predictable patterns of behavior.

Common Traits

Shared by many within a culture. ex. Competitiveness in the US

Unique Traits

Traits specific to an individual. Defines personal uniqueness

Ability Traits

Skills that help a person function effectively. ex. intelligence for problem solving

Temperament Traits

Emotional style or how a person reacts. Ex. Calm vs irritable

Dynamic Traits

Motivational traits that drive behavior. Ex. ambition, desire for power.

Surface Traits

Observable traits that cluster together. Less stable and appear in behavior.

Source Traits

Deep underlying traits that cause behavior. More stable and foundational.

Constitutional Traits

Traits influenced by biology or genetics. Ex. Inherited intelligence

Environmental Mold traits

Traits shaped by environment and learning. Ex. attitudes shaped by culture.

16 PF Test

A personality assessment measuring 16 source traits. Used in research, counseling, and career evaluation.

What did Costa and McCrae discover

Extensive research revealed five major personality factors. Known as Big Five

Neuroticism

Emotional instability, anxiety and moodiness.

Extraversion

Sociability, assertiveness, and energy

Openness

creativity, curiosity, preference for novelty

Agreeableness

Kindness, trust, cooperativeness

Conscientiousness

organization, responsibility, self-discipline.

Three dimensions of personality according to Eysenck

E- extraversion versus introversion

N-Neuroticism versus emotional stability

P- Psychoticism versus impulse control

Extraversion (Eysenck)

Associated with preferring or performing better with higher levels of stimulation. Positive Feelings, Short term sexual strategies.

Neuroticism (Eysenck)

Associated with perceiving stimuli outside of conscious awareness, psychopathology such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Deficits in cognitive functioning.

Psychoticism (Eysenck)

Associated with less well-being, more antisocial behavior, deficits in some cognitive functioning

To Eysenck, Traits and dimensions are determined by

heredity

HEXACO

Also known as 6 factor model

• Honesty/humility

• Emotionality

• Extraversion

• Agreeableness

• Conscientiousness

• Openness to experience

The Dark Triad

Narcissism

Machiavellianism

Psychopathy

Narcissism

Extreme selfishness, inflated sense of one’s abilities and talents and the constant need for admiration and attention.

Machiavellianism

the tendency to manipulate others, characterized by cunning, deceitful, and unscrupulous behaviors

Psychopathy

callous, insensitive, egocentric, antisocial takes advantage of other people, using great charm and often violence.