motivation and emotion

What is motivation?

A physiological and psychological process that initiates behaviors directing organisms toward specific goals.

What is a drive in the context of motivation?

A biological trigger notifying us of deprivation of something, prompting us to seek what is needed.

What are incentives?

Stimuli we seek to reduce drives, such as water or food.

What role does the hypothalamus play in hunger?

The lateral hypothalamus initiates hunger, while the ventromedial hypothalamus stops it.

What hormone increases eating?

Ghrelin, which is reduced by gastric bypass surgery.

What hormone signals satiety?

Leptin, produced by fat cells.

How does Ozempic affect hunger?

It enhances GLP-1 hormone, reducing hunger signals and cravings.

What is unit bias in eating behavior?

The assumption that the unit of sale or portioning is the appropriate amount to consume.

What social factors influence eating behavior?

Social facilitation, impression management, and modeling.

What is the relationship between social connectedness and health?

Higher social connectedness predicts better overall physical and mental health.

What are the two types of love described?

Passionate love, associated with physical attraction, and compassionate love, related to tenderness and commitment.

What are primary emotions according to Paul Ekman?

Six basic emotions: fear, anger, sadness, happiness, disgust, and surprise.

What are microexpressions?

Brief, involuntary facial expressions that reveal concealed emotions.

How does culture influence emotional expression?

Cultural display rules dictate how emotions are expressed, such as suppressing negative emotions in Japan.

What is the James-Lange Theory of emotion?

The theory that physiological responses occur first, followed by the emotional experience.

What does the Cannon-Bard Theory propose?

That emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously and independently.

What is the Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory?

Emotions arise from physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.

What is the theory of constructed emotion by Lisa Feldman Barrett?

Emotions are concepts constructed by our brains based on bodily sensations and cultural experiences.

What is the impact of technology on belongingness?

It can foster global communities but may isolate individuals from local ties.

What is the significance of belongingness in human relationships?

A basic human need that motivates the maintenance of warm, affectionate relationships.

What are the health risks associated with loneliness?

Loneliness is linked to hypertension, weakened immunity, and elevated stress hormones.

How does food relate to reward mechanisms in the brain?

Highly palatable foods release dopamine, reinforcing eating behaviors.

What are some environmental factors that affect hunger?

Culturally learned preferences, social norms, and food-related cues like appearance and odor.

What is the trend of obesity in Canada from 1978 to 2005?

Adult obesity nearly doubled, with over 63% of Canadians over 18 being overweight.

What is the role of stress in eating behavior?

Stress can heighten arousal and negative emotions, leading to overeating.

What is the difference between passionate and compassionate love?

Passionate love involves physical attraction and longing, while compassionate love focuses on affection and commitment.