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atoms
smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
element
a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions (all have the same number of protons)
isotopes
element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
compound
molecule that contains at least two different kinds of elements in a fixed ratio
covalent bond
chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons
ionic bonds
an attraction between ions of opposite charge that hold them toegther to form a stable molecule
hydrogen bond
weak bonds formed by attraction of positively charged hydrogen atom to a negatively charged atom.
organic
c to c or c to h bond
inorganic
do not contain c to c or c to h bond
typically composed of elements otheer than carbon
carbohydrates
large and diverse group of organic compounds that include sugar and starches
general formula for carbohydrate
CH2O
monosaccharide
single sugar molecule
disaccharide
two monosaccharides connected through dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides
the polymers of sugars have storage and structural roles
starch
a storage polysaccharide of plants
cellulose
major component of plant cell walls
chitin
found in exoskeleton
simple lipid
contain glycerol and fatty acid
saturated fats
do not have c-c double bonds
unsaturated fats
have one or more c-c double bonds
proteins
enzymes, transporter
proteins, toxins, contraction,
movement, hormones, cell components
etc.
amino acids
building blocks of
proteins
peptide bond
Link Amino Acids Together in Proteins
primary structure
the unique sequence in which the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide
secondary structure
repetitious twisting or folding of the poly peptide chain which forms helix or sheet
tertiary structure
refers to overall three dimensional structure of polypeptide chainq
quaternary structure
two or more individual polypeptides joining to form a protein
four bases of DNA
adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine
purine
guanine and adenine
pyrimidine
thymine cytosine and uracil
char gaffs rule
a=t, g=c
RNA four bases
adenine
uracil
guanine
cytosine
DNA
double stranded
RNA
single stranded