UNIT 3 - Conflict and American Independence | APUSH

Presently only updated up to Quiz 1 for Unit 3; I will add more afterwards.

What was the 7 years’ war?

War fought between British and French over the Ohio River Valley; British won and French lost all power

What was the royal proclamation of 1763?

Stated that colonies could not expand westward of Appalachian Mountains b/c of 7 years’ war and conflicts w/ natives; angered colonists

What is salutary neglect?

Colonists had independence and could manage their own affairs as British did not enforce any trade policies or regulations very strictly

Why did Britain start to truly enforce navigation acts?

Costs from seven years’ war resulted in extreme debt, needed more wealth and a stricter control on trade

What was the quartering act of 1765?

Imperial troops remaining to enforce laws, so parliament forced colonists to house said troops

What was the sugar act?

Tax on wines, sugars, and all luxury items

What was the stamp act?

Taxes on newspapers, playing cards, contracts, etc. Harmful to colonists

What was virtual representation?

Parliament claimed that colonists were represented, as members in parliament represented general “classes” and not locations of the world, therefore colonies had “representation.” Colonists strongly disagreed

Who were the sons/daughters of liberty?

Radical group dedicated to repealing stamp act and protesting against taxation w/o representation

What was the stamp act congress?

Delegates organized in New York to officially argue against Stamp Act, it worked and stamp act was repealed

What was the declaratory act?

Stated that Britain had ALL rights to dictate laws and taxes in colonies as they please in ANY circumstances

What were the Townshend acts?

New taxes on imports to the colonies which they could not manufacture themselves (paper, glass, tea), resulted I highly organized protests boycotting British goods

What was the Boston Massacre?

A group of boys harassed British soldiers, one shot was fired and it progressed from there; four colonists were killed. Idea was spread by print culture to be more violent than it was

What was the Boston Tea Party?

Response to the tea act (giving British East India Company exclusive right to buy/sell tea) where colonies dumped millions of dollars worth of tea into the ocean

What was the coercive act?

Act that closed all ports in the Boston Harbor until ALL tea was paid for, provoked colonies further under idea that Britain was tyrannical

What was the continental Congress?

Everyone agreed to resist, but didn’t want independence yet, only freedom from relentless taxation

What was the idea of a social contract?

Ideas that govt. and people are held in a contract. Citizens give up rights In order for the government to protect their NATURAL rights, also gives citizens the right to overthrow any unjust govt.

What was the conclusion of the second continental Congress?

Concluded that independence was the only way to thrive outside of Britain, mostly believed by elites, not colonists

What was “Common Sense”?

Text published by Thomas Paine, convincing ALL classes of Britain’s tyranny and of the fight for independence

What was the Declaration of Independence?

Written by Thomas Jefferson to argue for natural rights (Life, liberty, & pursuit of happiness), argued for social contract, accepted by July 2nd, 1776

Who were loyalists?

Did not want to separate from Britain, sizable opposition to idea of independence

Who were Tories?

British political party who supported the monarchy and the church of England (aristocracy)

Who were Whigs?

Believed in parliamentary power, checks and balances, and liberty and property

Why did the continental army fail?

Was ill equipped and trained, suffered many defeats and were humiliated

Who won the Battle of Saratoga and why was it significant?

Colonies won, convinced the French to ally with Americans against British

Who won the Battle of Yorktown and why was it significant?

Colonies won again, British surrendered to America

What were the articles of confederation?

Most power in legislative, no provision for national military force, very little power on federal govt. taxes

What was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Federal govt. established plan planning how territories should be occupied, also abolished slavery in Northwest territories

What is Shays’ Rebellion

Shay, an angry farmer, led other farms to rebel govt. with stolen weaponry; demonstrated weakness of the Articles of Confederation

What was the purpose of the constitutional convention of 1787?

to revise articles and find weaknesses, needed a new constitution

What were the federalists’ stance?

Urban, commercial, wanted a stronger central govt.

What were the antifederalists’ stance?

Rural, states rights, opposed federal govt. Increase

What was the Virginia Plan? (Constitutional convention)

Representation by population, favored big states; smaller states opposed

What was the New Jersey Plan? (Constitutional convention)

Representation regardless of size, favored small states; bigger states opposed

What was the The Great Compromise/Connecticut Compromise? (Constitutional convention)

Legislative branch would be split into a bicameral, two-housed congress

What is the House of representatives? (Representation)

States would be represented by population

What is the Senate? (Representation)

States would be equally represented with 2 votes per state

What was the 3/5ths Compromise?

Argued that 3/5s of slave population would be added to house numbers

How did federalists win vote for Constitution?

Added a bill of rights to appease antifederalists

Overall results of early political debate?

Larger, central govt, split govt. into three branches (leg, exec, judi), new constitution

What is Republican Motherhood?

Women could best influence political realities not by voting but by raising proper sons instructed by American ideals

What was Hamilton’s stance?

Federal govt. would assume war debts, national banks established (elastic cause)

What caused the Whisky Rebellion?

Hamilton placed tax on Whisky, which was made and consumed by poor farmers

What occurred during the Whisky Rebellion?

Farmers assaulted tax collectors, Washington's armies quickly shut them down (many argued against this claiming federal overreach)

What did Washington establish in his Farewell Address?

Warned against formation of political parties, foreign entanglement, established two-term policy

What were the Alien Acts? (Adams)

Made it legal and easy to deport any non-citizen (targeted at Irish/Scottish immigrants)

What were the Sedition Acts?

Made it illegal to criticize government publicly, dem-reps argued federal overreach

What were the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions?

Dem-Reps — any law passed by federal govt. deemed unconstitutional can be nullified by states

What was the Indian Trade and Intercou.rse Act?

Regulated relationships b/w Americans and Natives for fair dealings moving westward, settlers ignored these and caused conflict

What was the Pinkney Treaty?

Tension with Spain on southern frontier, decided border b/w Spain and U.S.

Northern Attitude towards Slavery?

More tolerant and accepting towards black populations; granted some w/ property voting rights

Southern states attitude towards Slavery?

Enslaves most of the black population; new legislation made it impossible to free them, some moved westward, bringing ideologies with them