Week 8 - Atherosclerosis Risk Factors

The breakdown of sugar leads to the formation of __________, which are toxic and can cause vasculitis and promote apoptosis and degeneration.

AGEs - Advanced Glycation End-products

AGEs need to be eliminated by __________, the receptor for AGE.

RAGE

When RAGE binds to AGE, it creates signals that attract __________, which leads to inflammation.

monocytes/macrophages

The accumulation of __________ in the brain can be facilitated by amyloid beta binding to RAGE.

amyloid

The __________ study, which has been ongoing since 1948, identified several risk factors for atherosclerosis, including age, genetics, and diet.

Framingham Heart

__________ is associated with a decline in mitochondrial function and changes to blood vessels, including hardening and narrowing.

age

A decrease in __________ secretion is a common age-related change that can contribute to atherosclerosis.

nitric oxide

_____________ is a genetic condition that can increase blood cholesterol levels, particularly by raising VLDL and LDL levels while lowering HDL.

Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia (TCH)

Males are more likely to have heart attacks before the age of __________, while females tend to have them after the age of __________.

55; 65

__________ promotes HDL activity by increasing liver receptors for HDL and their affinity.

estrogen

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases the risk of blood clots due to elevated levels of __________ activity.

fibrinogen

Heart attack prevalence in females greatly increases after __________.

menopause

_____________ irregularity in females may be associated with future risk of cardiovascular disease.

menstrual cycle

The use of anabolic steroids or testosterone increases levels of __________ secretion in the liver, leading to an increase in LDL.

VLDL

If more calories are consumed than are burned off, the body must store them, leading to an increase in ___________ levels.

LDL

Diet matters more than ___________ in managing weight and blood lipoproteins.

exercise

Sustainable diets are worthwhile for managing blood ____________ and maintaining weight.

lipoproteins

The DASH diet is a defense against __________ hypertension.

systolic

The _____________ diet is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, fish, and Heart-healthy fats.

Mediterranean

The Mediterranean diet has been proven to reduce the risk of __________, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease.

Myocardial Infarction