Scientific Method, Life's Hierarchy and DNA

4 steps of scientific method

Observation

Hypothesis

Experiment

Thoery

Define observation

Somthing we notice

Define hypothesis

A possible testable explanation for the observation

Define Experiment

Testing whether the hypothesis is true

Define thoery

A very likly explanation for the observation based on many expirements

Desining an experiment to test a hypothesis requires three things

Independent variable

Dependentvariable

Control

Define indepedent variable

Somthing I change

Define depepedent variable

somthing that reacts to the independent variable

Define control

Unchanged item to comapre

define variable and give examples

Any aspect of the experiement that could affect the results or the way the results are interpreted

EX. Amount of medicine, type of mouse, size of tumor

Research process in US

1. Scientist with a good idea

2. Apply for grants

3. Recieves funds

4. Preforms research

5. Writes paper

6. Peer reviwe

7. GET PUBLISHED

List of life hierarchy

1. Biosphere

2. Ecosystem

3. Community

4. population

5. organism

6. organs and organ system

7. tissue

8. cell

9. organelle

10. molecule

Define biosphere

All life on earth and the places where life exists

define ecosystem

all the organisms in a particular area as well as the physical components that interact

EX. soil, water, light

Define community

all the organisms in an ecosystem

define population

All the individuals of a particular species living in a community

define organism

an individual living thing

Define organs and organ system

Body parts that preform specific function, several organs may cooperate in an organ system

Define tissue

A group of similar cells performing a specific function

define Cell

The fundemental structual and function unit of life

define organelle

a membrane-enclosed functional structure in a cell

define molecule

a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms

Whay does life depend on the transfer and transformation of energy and matter?

Movement, growth, reproduction, reguation and most cellular processes require energy

Flow of energy pichure

Define System

Interacting parts in an ecosystem

What does DNA provide

the master instructions for all of cells functions

What does it mean when we say DNA is hertiable?

It is passed from one generation to the next

4 building blocks and pairings of DNA

T-A

C-G

First step of a cell divding

Its DNA is first replicated

How is DNA replicated

The two strands “unzip” and new complementary strands assemble along the seperate strands

Define Gene

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequences in DNA

What does gene expression do

makes protiens

Steps of Gene expression

1. Gene information is first transcribed from DNA to RNA

2. Sequence of nucleotides in the RNA is translated into a chain of protien building blocks

3. Once completed the chain forms a specific protien with a unique shape and fucntion

Define RNA

Carries the information to the protien manufacturing machinery in a cell

gene expression diagram