POB LAB MIDTERM

Primary Peer- reviewed literature is written

by scientists for consumption by scientists for the advancement of science

Which of the following would be considered a violation of the University's academic integrity policy?

1. Using your roommates completed Lab manual from a previous semester to complete assignments.

2. Giving your lab partner your manual to copy answers

What supplies should be brought with you to the first day of lab class?

Principles of Biology Lab manual, textbook, goggles, gloves, and scientific calculator.

Accumulating ________ unexcused absences will result in a failing grade.

more than 2

Which of the following situations would result in an automatic class failure?

Three unexcused absences, four unexcused absences,

In the event of an unexpected and potentially excused absence, you must contact your instructor within _____ hours to arrange to attend a makeup lab.

24

It is standard practice to leave a clean, blank slide sitting on the lab table when not in use.

False

Which of the following statements about glass slide usage are accurate?

Glass slides should be kept and re-used, Plastic cover slips should be discarded after use, Glass slides should be cleaned between specimens.

Laws and theories examine different aspects related to the same information and events.

True

The sowbugs were clearly trying to get away from the cedar chips. They were clearly orienting themselves away from the cedar chips and moving toward the furthest part of the other chamber. This is an example of taxis.

True

What is the independent variable for an experiment comparing different tadpole diets?

Diet

In which section of a lab report do you include visual representations of the data?

Results

What was the independent variable for the first (whole-class) experiment in Lab 2?

Moisture level of habitat

The scientific method begins with the observation of ________ , or natural events.

phenomenon

Scientists use ______ reasoning to combine isolated facts into a plausible explanation, or hypothesis.

inductive

Scientists use ______ reasoning to design an experiment to test their hypothesis.

deductive

Scientists develop a good experimental design that contains both a _____ group in which the experimental variable is altered and a ______ group in which the experimental variable is not altered.

Test

Control

Occasionally, scientists are forced to use a _____ to represent the actual phenomenon, usually for ethical, financial, or logistical limitations.

model c

Habitat A contains 8 total organisms (4 species including 2 individuals of each species)

High diversity

Habitat B contains 8 total organisms (4 species including 1 individual each of 3 species, and 5 individuals of 1 species)

Low diversity

What generally flows in one direction through an ecosystem, from producers up through each level of consumers, and is not recycled?

Energy

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.

secondary consumer

A measure of diversity may include an element addressing evenness in the numbers of species in an area. The Simpson's Diversity index incorporates ___________ as an element of evenness.

Relative abundance

Which on the following might have an impact on the organisms you were able to observe in your plots?

time of day, season, temperature

Drastic alterations to biodiversity _____ ecosystems.

threaten

n example of one such change is ______ of forests, which eliminates plant life that serves as the ______ for many organisms.

Clear cutting, habitat

Experiments on natural ecosystems have shown that increased biodiversity is _____ to ecosystem functioning.

beneficial

More diverse plots in these experiments were found to demonstrate ______ overall resource use.

greater

in other experiments, _______ in producers was found to increase with increasing biodiversity at other levels.

photosynthesis

Before beginning your experiments for Lab 2, you will spend time observing _____.

sowbug general appearancesowbug behaviorsowbug size range

Which of the following lists the steps of the scientific method in their proper order?

observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment

Laws and theories examine different aspects related to the same information and events.

True

How should sowbugs should be picked up?

gently, by their sides

Which of these could be the dependent variable for an experiment about tadpole diets?

Size of tadpoles

The figure caption of a graph/figure should consist of at least

a brief explanation of the experiment and information about what is on each axis.

Which is an alternate, nonpredictive hypothesis for an experiment about tadpole diets?

Tadpole size will differ if groups of tadpoles are fed different diets.

By the end of the experiment half of our sowbugs were on the dry side and half were on the moist side. We should __________.

fail to reject the null hypothesis

Each set of numbers below indicates the average number of sowbugs on each side of the experimental chamber in Lab 2

9:1

8:2

7:3

independent variable for the graph of the first experiment in Lab 2

time

time

dependent variable for the first experiment in Lab 2

number of sowbugs

Cells do not function as well at high temperatures because the rapid movement of the molecules of the cell membrane makes the cells leaky. Also, many proteins denature and lose their function at high temperatures. Excessive heat can also cause denaturation of membrane embedded proteins which can cause gaps in the cell membrane thereby making the cells even more leaky. True or false?

True

Osmosis is often viewed incorrectly as a process driven directly by differences in solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane. What really drives osmosis?

The difference in water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

through the process of facilitated diffusion, directly through the lipid bilayer, through channel proteins.

Water crosses the plasma membrane

If you did not use a blank of the correct solution/concentration before taking your readings, what is likely to happen?

Your %T reading may be inaccurate as they were based on the maximum light transmittance through a different substance

Using your knowledge of cell membrane structure and the results you obtained in Lab 3 on cell structure, pretend you are looking at the cell membrane of a beet, Beta vulagaris, under the microscope. What would you expect to see if you stained the beet cell with Methylene blue?

Positively charged particles such as DNA and cell membranes would stain blue.

Water places in a beaker does not require a label. True or false?

False

Beet cores were best obtained by holding the beet in one hand above the lab table and inserting the corer with the other. True or false?

False - this method would likely result in an injury

The best way to carry multiple test tubes is

in a test tube rack

What does scientific inquiry help us begin to understand? (5 thing)

1: natural processes2: environmental factors that all life depends on for survival3: diversity in species4: interactions with other organisms and the environment5: impact of human activities on biosphere

True or False: The best hypothesis is one which is not falsifiable

FALSE. Hypotheses must be falsifiable

Sow bugs use their uropods to...A: urinate

B: deposit eggs

C: draw up moisture

D: escape from predators

C

What is the difference between a law and a theory?

laws are simply a description of a pattern in nature while a theory explains how and why the pattern occurs in nature

Which of the following is an example of an alternative hypothesis?

A: There is a difference in the number of sow bugs, Porcellio scarber, on the moist side vs. the dry side of a two-sided experimental chamber as measured every 30 seconds during 10 minutes

The figure caption of a graph/figure should consist of at least...

figure captions should include a title in the form of a number and a brief description of what information is plotted and how it is obtained

Where in a lab report or scientific paper should you explain why you think the results turned out the way they did?

discussion/conclusion

The first experiment looked at how sow bugs responded to the presence of moisture to determine if they preferred more moist or more dry. What is the independent variable?

moisture level of habitat

) The scientific method begins with the observations of ___________, or natural events

phenomenon

Guide to writing a predictive hypothesis (7 things)

1: state the difference between the control and experimental groups

2: include plenty of information that makes sense

3: include how differences are measured

4: include the independent and dependent variables

5: include the scientific name of organism

6: make sure it is grammatically correct and easy to follow and understand

7: write the null and alternative hypotheses, including all possible outcomes

Organization of a laboratory report (5 things)

1: introduction= provides background information and hypotheses "funnel approach"

2: methods= describes how research was conducted (capable of replicating the experiment)

3: results= presents the results from the analyses (text and graphs, no explanation)

4: discussion= interprets results in light of hypotheses and other work (integrate, interpret, and apply in 3-4 paragraphs)

5: references= lists of sources that are cited within the paper (alphabetically by author)

True or False: when you draw images from slides, the only thing you must label is the type of specimen viewed.

False

Which of the following would be considered a violation of the University's Academic integrity policy?

a) Using your roommate's completed lab manual from a previous semester to complete assignments

b) Giving your lab partner your manual to copy two answer

c) Discussing your conclusions about an experiment based on your data with your classmates

d) Studying with a student who is in another instructor's class

a

b

d

If you are enrolled in both lecture and lab for Principles of Biology, which blackboard sites should you have? Mark all that apply

a) Lecture blackboard site

b) Master Lab blackboard site for syllabus & downloads

c) Section/Instructor specific Blackboard site

d) Exam discussion blackboard site

a

b

c

Indicate which of the following supplies you will need for lab this semester. Select all that apply.

a) Eye protection

b) Disposable gloves

c) Calculator

d) Graphing calculator

e) Dishwashing gloves

f) A dissection kit

a

b

c

True or False: Paper towels are appropriate to clean all components of compound light microscopes

False

True or False: Ideally, if the sample to be viewed with a compound light microscope is a solid substance, then the specimen should be placed on the slide before any liquids, including stains, are dripped onto it

False

True or False: Generally, if the sample to be viewed with a compound light microscope is a solid substance, then liquid should be added to the slide before placing the solid specimen on it.

True

How will we determine which habitat is preferred by the experimental organisms in Lab 2?

c) We will count the number of sowbugs in each side of the experimental chamber every 30 seconds during a 10 minute experiment

True or False: Theories will eventually turn into laws if they are not disproven

False

After a long period of coevolution, the photosynthetic bacterium consumed by the predatory cell became the cellular organelle known as the ________

chloroplast

what is the function of a bacterium's capsule?

protection

what are the three typical shapes or prokaryotic cells (bacteria)?

coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod shaped), and spirillum (spiral shaped)

what four basic structures do all cells have?

genetic material, cytoplasm, an outer plasma membrane, and ribosomes

organisms that have a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles that have specialized functions; plants, fungi, animals, algae, protozoans, and slime molds

eukaryotic

the idea that chloroplasts and mitochondria have evolved from prokaryotic organims

endosymbiotic theory

organsims that do not have a membrane bound nucleus and usually lack membrane-bound organelles; unicellular and very small; bacteria and archaea

prokaryotic

Schwann and Schneiden; all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic living and functioning units of all organisms, and all cells come from pre-exsisting cells

cell theory

movement toward or away from a stimulus

taxis

random movement that is not oriented in a certain way with regard to a stimulus

kinesis

a factor that triggers a certain response

stimulus

looks at the processes, activities, and functions of living things

physiology

the sum of an organism's responses to internal and external stimuli

behavior

response variable (y-axis)

dependent variable

also known as the experimental variable (x-axis)

independent variable

allows examination of organism or objects lare enough to be visually detected without magnification, but too small to see fine surface details or features; shines light ONTO object; object can be viewed as a whole

dissecting microscope

used to see cells, parts of cells, or organisms that are too small to be seen without magnification; light shines through objects so must be very thin or sliced into very thin section for viewing; allows specimen to be viewed at a much higher resolution

compound light microscope

contains all necessary elements for the experiment to run and produces the observations to which we compare the experimental findings

control group

hypothesis supporting the other possible outcome for an experiment; that the experimental variable caused a significant difference in the experimental outcome

Alternative

hypothesis that claims that the experimental variable had no effect

null

he acceptance of an observed characteristic or condition as true until proven otherwise

assumption

explains a law by providing an explanation for how or why that pattern occurs in nature

theory

states a generalization or describes a pattern in nature

law

Which of the following should be included with a graph/figure?

.a) axis labels

b) units indicated for each axis

c) regularly marked axis intervals

d) a figure caption describing what is depicted

Scientists use a general process known as ___________ to ask and answer questions about nature.

scientific inquiry

True or False: Current evidence supports the idea that some parts of eukaryotic cells evolved from formerly free living prokaryotic organisms.

true

True or False: Mixed bacteria slides should be placed in bleach after use to avoid pathogen transfer.

false

What is Elodea?

a) a type of bacteria

b) a fungus

c) a plant that has leaves

d) a vegetable

c

True or False: Several drops of each stain should be added to a blank slide before applying a specimen. After the specimen is added, distilled water should be used to dilute the stain before adding a cover slip.

false

The plant cell wall _______.

c) is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils

The endosymbiosis hypothesis proposes that ________.

b) a small cell lived inside a larger cell to the benefit of both cells

When you want to view a specimen with a compound light microscope using the 40x objective lens you should

c) always start with the 4x objective to center your specimen and work your way up, focusing each objective and moving on