APHG Midterm

The maps show residential neighborhoods in the Republic of Singapore. Which of the following individuals or organizations would be most likely to make a decision based on the spatial pattern shown on the maps?

A government agency seeking to promote equal opportunities across ethnicities

The table shows the types of information collected by a store regarding customer purchases. Which of the following data could be used in a geographical information system (GIS) to increase sales?

ZIP code

Every map projection has some degree of distortion because

a curved surface cannot be represented on a flat surface without distortion

Twenty-four specific objects transmit complex radio codes, including time signals traveling at the speed of light. You can contact at least 4 of the 24 objects at any time of day or night.

The technology described above allows the determination of which of the following?

Absolute location on the surface of Earth

The "why of where" refers to

the idea that the explanation of a spatial pattern is crucial

Which of the following map scales would be most useful for studying the details of geographic features in the landscape of a farming community?

1:10,000

Given the definitions, watersheds and milksheds can best be classified as what type of region?

Functional

A formal culture region differs from other regions in that it

has a selected feature or internal uniformity

The images show a topographic map and a geographic information systems (GIS) representation of Mount Shasta in California. Which of the following statements best explains why these printed images are geometrically distorted representations of Earth's surface?

The three dimensions of Earth's surface are displayed on a two-dimensional page

Which of the following sets of maps would help explain how scale of inquiry affects truth?

Maps showing Michigan's population density by counties and the United States population density by state

The map above represents what kind of projection?

A Mercator projection with distorted land areas

Window screensGreen roofsPhotovoltaicsBreezewaysPilings

All of the terms listed above could be used to illustrate what concept?

Architectural adaptations to the natural environment

Which of the following are the best examples of vernacular regions?

The American West and the American Midwest

Which of the following is the primary assumption of environmental determinism?

The physical environment controls human culture .

Which of the following describes the perspective of environmental determinism?

A former scientific viewpoint stating that factors within the physical geography of a region shape the local population's culture and behaviors

The satellite images show changes to a portion of the Louisiana coast between 1984 and 2017. The table shows the changes in land acreage. Which of the following best describes the changes and a consequence of the changes?

An increase in the acreage of coastal land, which will be added to navigational charts for shipping

The lush golf courses in the United Arab Emirates, the dikes and polders in the Netherlands, and the Three Gorges Dam in China are significant examples of land use.

These examples reflect which of the following viewpoints of human-environment interaction?

Possibilism

All of the following are examples of the spatial analysis tradition in geography EXCEPT the

number of space shuttles constructed

Which of the following best identifies the scale of analysis for each of the maps shown?

Continental and country

Market research reports and profiles of voting districts like those shown are examples of spatial analysis products. Which of the following data sources is most frequently used to create the spatial analysis products shown in the examples?

Census surveys

A political polling company wants to use census data to collect information on voters in a city by neighborhood. Based on the types of information collected in the survey form, which of the following could be mapped using census data?

The number of voting-age residents per household

Table 1 shows that the United States and New York City have similar median household income values. Compare the data in Table 1 to the data in Table 2. Based on this comparison, which of the following statements is most accurate?

A comparison of data from one scale to a different set of scales can result in a flawed analysis.

Physiological population density differs from crude population density in that physiological density

explains density in terms of people per arable square land unit, while crude density explains density in terms of people per total square land unit

Which of the following best explains a likely effect of Brazil's population distribution?

Uneven economic development as eastern Brazil experiences more growth than the sparsely inhabited western regions

Based on the population pyramid above, which of the following will pose the greatest demographic challenge to China beginning in 2029?

Providing for the needs of its aging population

Which population pyramid shown above best represents a town with a military base?

A population of males overly dominating the population of females in a town.

In the early part of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, Thomas Malthus developed a theory that population increases exponentially, while food production can increase only arithmetically. Which of the following statements best explains how the Industrial Revolution reduced the threats forecast by Malthus?

The resulting rural-to-urban migration for jobs in factories led to a decline in birth rates and lowered population growth rates below what Malthus predicted.

Which of the following explains an unintended consequence of China's antinatalist one-child policy?

A projected shortage of working-age people to care for the rising elderly population, resulting in an increase in the cost of living for older people.

Which of the following country demographics would be used to explain the need for the pronatalist policies shown?

A country with a birth rate of 11, a death rate of 13, and a rate of natural increase of −0.2 , legislates tax credits for working parents

Which of the following countries is best described as being at Stage 3 of the demographic transition model?

Bolivia: birth rate = 24 , death rate = 7

In 1798 Thomas Malthus argued that populations grew exponentially while food supplies grew arithmetically. Consequently, Malthus argued that food shortages would develop until famine and other checks slowed population growth. What statement correctly explains why Malthus' prediction did not come true in 1800s Europe?

Urbanization resulted in smaller household sizes, and the mechanization of agriculture increased food production.

The measure of the average number of children who are born to women of childbearing age in the population is called the

Total fertility rate

Since the 1970s changes in the social roles, lifestyles, and employment patterns of women in Europe, Canada, and the United States have affected the overall population through which of the following?

Decreased total fertility rate

Based on the data shown, which of the following describes the most likely population context for the countries listed?

Stage five of the demographic transition model due to very low birth rates

The map shows the number of people per unit of land. Which of the following types of data are shown in the map?

Arithmetic density

Which of the following describes information a geographer could identify from the map of urban populations in Brazil?

Patterns of arithmetic density within specific regions

Physiological population density is viewed as a superior measure of population density for which of the following reasons?

It is more reflective of population pressure on arable land.

Which of the following explains why a country with a high physiological density (e.g., Japan, Egypt, or the Netherlands) risks exceeding its carrying capacity?

The population places a large amount of pressure on the arable land to produce enough food without risking severe environmental degradation.

On the map above, which one of the following boxes is in an area where the population density is high and the level of economic development is low?

Southeast Asia

Which population pyramid shown above best represents a college town?

The population pyramid with the majority of people living there being in their 20's

Which of the following best explains a possible limitation of the trends assumed from the population pyramid and estimates in the data table?

Labor shortages may cause the government to reduce the legal barriers to immigration, and immigrant populations could increase the working-age cohorts.

What is the likely impact of the numerical change by 2050 of the total population on the eventual shape of Japan's population pyramid?

Because of low birth rates over many years, the 2050 population pyramid will likely be an inverted pyramid.

What changes could local governments, businesses, and corporations make to reverse Japan's national birth patterns?

Adding low-cost or zero-cost infant day care and preschool centers to allow mothers to return to the workforce

Which of the following characteristics is currently shared by Switzerland, Canada, and New Zealand?

Low population-growth rates

Even though total fertility rates have been declining in some less-developed countries, the total population has continued to grow. This is primarily because a high percentage of the population is

under the age of 15

The low birth and death rates for a country in stage 4 of the demographic transition model are best explained by

the level of urbanization and technological advancement of a more developed country

Which of the following is a correct statement about the demographic transition model?

It is characterized by relatively low growth rates at stage 1 and stage 4.

In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the demographic transition in Europe was best characterized by

urbanization and falling birth rates

Which of the following describes a characteristic of a country moving from stage 2 to stage 3 of the demographic transition model?

Declining death rate

Which of the following best explains why, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Thomas Malthus proposed his population theory?

Malthus theorized that, if left unchecked by regular cycles of famine and misery, population would increase beyond the ability to feed itself.

In which of the following contexts could a neo-Malthusian perspective most successfully explain population characteristics?

A country with a high rate of natural population increase, where food supplies are at risk

The Malthusian view of the world argues that

famine in developing countries can be explained by examining their patterns of population growth

Which of the following is a distinctive aspect of population policy emphasized for the first time by the international community in the 1990's?

Women's empowerment

Country X has a high youth-dependency ratio. Country Z has fears of running out of agricultural resources. Which of the following explains why Countries X and Z would implement anti-natalist policies?

Antinatalist policies promote family planning and education of women to reduce fertility rates.

Which statement best describes population growth patterns in the world today?

In the world as a whole, fertility rates have fallen in the last 25 years.

Which of the following profiles characterizes the population group that is the most likely to migrate?

Single, twenty-five years old

Which of the following describes a concern for a country with an aging population?

As the proportion of older people in the country increases, fewer young workers are available to contribute tax revenues to support programs that provide services to the older population.

Country A is a more developed country with a low birth rate, a low total fertility rate, a high life expectancy, and a high percentage of urban population. Based on this information, which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur in Country A?

Pressures on pension and social security programs are at critical levels as the number of elderly increases.

A student who lives in Minneapolis chooses to spend her spring break in Florida rather than in Jamaica because Florida is closer and the plane fare is cheaper. This type of decision-making best illustrates the concept of

intervening opportunities

Which of the following types of migration are correctly explained by the example given?

International migration and voluntary migration: Family A from Mumbai has convinced their close friends Family B to emigrate to London as they did in order help start up their business.

Which of the following describes a pull factor affecting migration to some of the more developed countries?

Universal health care

There has been an increase in asylum seekers from Syria to the European Union in recent years. Which of the following best describes the reason for this migration?

A continuing issue of conflict and political unrest within Syria

A refugee enters the European Union in Italy and is temporarily housed in Germany. He is then granted asylum and is permanently settled in Sweden. Which of the following describes this type of migration that is facilitated by the European Union's open border policies?

Step migration across member states to a final destination

The nineteenth-century emigration of a large number of Swedes from a particular region of Sweden to Isanti County, Minnesota, as a result of communications from friends and relatives who preceded them there is an example of

chain migration

In the century after the arrival of Europeans, which of the following changes occurred to the indigenous population of the Americas?

It decreased dramatically with the introduction of new diseases

Which of the following explains the major effect of migration flow to Southwest Asia from other regions in Asia?

Guest workers migrate to the region for jobs in construction and the oil fields, increasing the volume of exports from the region.

Which of the following explains a significant positive impact that the immigration of large populations of Chinese people had on places like Vancouver and Los Angeles?

Chinese immigrants established businesses and religious centers that provided their new cities with greater access to elements of Chinese culture such as arts, cuisine, and religion.

Dramatic increases in global grain production since 1950 have been made possible by

an increase in the use of energy and technology

In which of the following world regions has the Green Revolution had the least impact on agriculture?

Sub-Saharan Africa

Which of the following terms identifies the type of land survey system shown in the satellite image?

Township and range

Corn (maize) was first domesticated in

Central Mexico

Which of the following best explains the differences between the patterns of land use in the township-and-range system and the long-lot system, as shown in the images?

The township-and-range survey system was based on a geometric grid pattern, while the long-lot system was a rectilinear pattern based upon waterways or roads.

The two images show different agricultural methods. In the context of the Second Agricultural Revolution, which of the following trends is represented in these images?

The mechanization of farming in the Second Agricultural Revolution resulted in more reliable crop harvests and healthier populations in areas where the mechanization was adopted.

Which of the following explains why multiple early hearths of domestication and diffusion of plants and animals arose across the world in Central America, the Fertile Crescent, the Indus River valley, and Southeast Asia?

Domestication of plants and animals evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals.

Which of the following is the essential requirement of lowland rice production?

Abundant water

Between 1950 and 1990, wheat production in India in average pounds per acre more than tripled, which allowed India to meet its population's need for food. Which of the following best explains this change?

The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals

Which of the following pairs of agricultural types occupies the largest percentage of the world's total land area?

Shifting cultivation and nomadic herding

In North America, which of the following frequently consumed items is most likely to be supplied by a trans-national corporation?

Coffee

Production of agricultural products destined primarily for direct consumption by the producer rather than for market is called

subsistence agriculture

Which of the following statements best describes the impact of improvements in transportation systems on agriculture?

Corporate farms have gained a greater advantage over family farms.

Why have many family farms in North America been replaced by agribusiness farms since the 1980s?

Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale.

Traditional labor-intensive agriculture often involves which of the following?

Field terracing

Von Thünen emphasized which of the following factors in his model of agricultural land use?

Transportation costs

Palm oil, an edible vegetable oil used in processing packaged food products, is obtained from the fruit of the oil palm tree, grown only in the tropics. Which of the following explains how global demand for palm oil has proved beneficial and detrimental for countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia?

Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries.

Which of the following activities is most likely to be found in the outermost zone of von Thünen's model of agricultural land use?

Extensive grain or stock raising

The shaded areas on the map above most likely indicate regions that are affected or threatened by which of the following?

Deforestation

Which of the following includes the world's earliest centers of plant domestication?

Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica, Middle East

Subsistence agriculture is always characterized by

production only for family consumption

Compared to North American ranchers, commercial ranchers in the Pampas of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil are more likely to

raise livestock primarily for export

Green Revolution technology has resulted in which of the following in modernagriculture?

The development of high-yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas

Which of the following best explains a neo-Malthusian perspective on the Green Revolution?

The Green Revolution represents a jump in agricultural technology, but population will still grow faster than our ability to produce food will over the long run.

A set of economic and political relationships that organizes food production from the development of seed to marketing the products is known as

agribusiness

With the exception of Hawaii, the map shows the pattern of production for coffee beans by country.

Which of the following best describes the pattern of coffee bean production at the global scale?

A core and periphery

The images shown illustrate a change that took place as the Second Agricultural Revolution coincided with the Industrial Revolution. Which of the following compares this geographic relationship between these revolutions?

The mechanization of farm work allowed many young people to migrate and join a growing urban industrial workforce

Which of the following best explains why farmers would plant both strawberries and watermelons in the same field?

Limited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.

In which of the following areas was wheat most probably domesticated earliest?

Southeastern Turkey