CNA Class Test 5

OER Textbook

Adaptive Behavior

The skills and abilities to live independently.

Agnosia

The failure to recognize or identify objects despite intact sensory function.

Anxiety

A universal human experience that includes feelings of apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or dread resulting from a real or perceived threat.

Anxiety Disorder

A condition diagnosed when an individual experiences more than temporary worry or fear that interferes with their daily functioning.

Apraxia

The impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function. This means the person can understand instructions and has the ability to complete an action but cannot process the cue to actually perform the task.

Bipolar Disorder

A condition that includes shifts in mood from abnormal highs (called manic episodes) to abnormal lows (i.e., depressive episodes) that cause significant impairment on the person’s functioning socially or at work.

Delirium

Psychosis caused by medical conditions or substance use that starts suddenly and is reversible by treating the cause of the delirium.

Delusions

Fixed, false beliefs held by a person even though there is concrete evidence they are not true.

Dementia

A general term for loss of memory, language, problem-solving, and other thinking abilities that are severe enough to interfere with daily life. There are several types of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia.

Depressive Episode

A condition where the person experiences a depressed mood (feeling sad, irritable, or empty) or a loss of pleasure or interest in activities they normally enjoy. Other symptoms may include poor concentration, feelings of excessive guilt or low self-worth, hopelessness about the future, thoughts about dying or suicide, disrupted sleep, changes in appetite or weight, and feeling especially tired.

Developmental Disorders

Disorders caused by impairments in the brain or central nervous system due to problems that occurred during fetal development.

Hallucinations

A symptom of psychosis when someone perceives seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting, or smelling something that is not actually present. Some people are aware that their hallucinations are not real while others cannot separate their hallucinations from reality.

Manic Episode

An elevated or irritable mood with abnormally increased energy that lasts at least one week.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A condition where one’s breathing temporarily stops while sleeping.

Panic Attacks

Sudden periods of intense fear that come on quickly and reach their peak within minutes. Attacks can occur unexpectedly or can be brought on by a trigger, such as a feared object or situation. People experiencing a panic attack may exhibit symptoms such as sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, increased heart rate, or feelings of losing control.

Perseverating

The act of repeating a task or thought over and over.

Personality Disorder

A pattern of inner experiences and behaviors that deviates from the expectations of the individual’s culture.

Phobia

An intense fear of specific objects or situations (such as flying, heights, spiders, or social events).

Pocketing

The act of keeping food or medications in one’s cheeks and not swallowing it.

Psychosis

Conditions when a person experiences a loss of contact with reality and has difficulty understanding what is real and what is not real. Symptoms of psychosis include hallucinations and delusions.

Substance Use Disorder (SUD)

An illness caused by the repeated misuse of substances such as alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, stimulants, or misuse of other prescription or over-the-counter medications. All these substances taken in excess have a common effect of intensely activating the reward system in the brain so much that normal life activities may be neglected.

Sundowning

Restlessness, agitation, irritability, or confusion that typically begins or worsens as daylight begins to fade and can continue into the night, making it difficult for patients with dementia to sleep.

Trauma

An event, series of events, or set of circumstances that is experienced by an individual as physically or emotionally harmful or life-threatening and can have lasting adverse effects on their functioning and mental, physical, social, emotional, or spiritual well-being.

Trisomy

A condition of having an extra copy of a chromosome.

Validation Therapy

A technique used when caring with individuals with dementia that involves supporting the reality the person is experiencing.

Wondering

The simple act of a person walking around with no purpose due to their confusion regarding their location or environment.

Bolus

A slippery mass of partially broken-down food that moves down the digestive tract as you swallow.

Chemical Digestion

Digestion of food by enzymes found in saliva that break down food particles into smaller components.

Colostomy

Surgery to create a stoma in the colon.

Cyanosis

Blue coloration around the mouth and in the extremities (i.e., feet and hands) that occurs when there is decreased oxygenated blood flow to the tissues.

Epiglottis

A small flap that closes over the trachea when swallowing to prevent food and fluids from going into the lungs.

Esophagus

The muscular tube from the mouth to the stomach.

Fine Motor Skills

Small movements such as those in the wrists and hands.

Gross Motor Skills

Large movements controlled by the legs and trunk of the body.

Incontinence

Failure of voluntary control of urination.

Involuntary Muscle

Muscles controlled by the autonomic nervous system, including smooth muscle within the digestive system and respiratory system and the cardiac muscle in the heart that pumps blood throughout the body.

Large Intestine

The long, tube-like organ that is connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other.

Mechanical Digestion

Digestion that begins with chewing when teeth crush and grind large food particles into smaller pieces that are easy to swallow.

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals in the body used for nerve communication.

Osteoarthritis

A medical diagnosis that refers to inflammation of joints due to wear and tear throughout one’s life.

Peristalsis

Contractions that move the bolus through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Pharynx

The hollow tube that starts behind the nose and ends at the trachea and esophagus.

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle that produces movement, assists in maintaining posture, protects internal organs, and generates body heat.

Small Intestine

A long tube-like organ that connects the stomach and the large intestine where nutrients are absorbed from a food bolus.

Stoma

A surgically created opening in the abdominal wall where a healthy part of the intestine is attached.

Tendons

Strong bands of dense, regular connective tissue that connect muscles to bones.

Trachea

The hollow tube, otherwise known as the windpipe, that leads to the lungs.

Voluntary Muscle

Muscle that a person is able to consciously control.