Systems Path Section 6 - Lung injuries

collapsed lung

atelectasis

lung collapse due to airway obstruction and resorption of air in alveoli

resorption atelectasis

Features of resorption atelectasis

dyspnea and cyanosis

risks associated with resorption atelectasis

CF, chronic bronchitis, tumor, foreign body

form of lung collapse where pleural space fills with fluid/air and compresses lungs causing collapse

compression (passive) atelectasis

features of compression atelectasis

dyspnea and cyanosis

risks for developing compression atelectasis?

heart failure and trauma

form of lung collapse due to decreased lung expansion; chronic inflammation leads to fibrosis

contraction atelectasis

risk associated with developing contraction atelectasis

history of pulmonary fibrosis

features of contraction atelectasis

dyspnea and cyanosis ; poor prognosis

severe lung injury that leads to alveolar damage and massive inflammation characterized by severe dyspnea, cyanosis, and hyaline membranes

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

why may someone develop ARDS?

history of pneumonia or trauma

signs/symptoms of ARDS

diffuse alveolar damage, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, acute dyspnea, hypoxemia, organ failure

acute/subacute respiratory illness defined by e-cig / vaping use, pulmonary infiltrates, or absence of other lung disease

vaping associated lung injury (VALI)

viral causes of common cold

rhinovirus, coronavirus, RSV, influenza

bacterial causes of common cold

group A b-hemolytic strep or H. influenzae

locations of acute respiratory infections

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis

widespread viral infection called the "kissing disease" characterized by pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, exudative pharyngitis, and splenomegaly

EBV (mono)

Cause of acute laryngitis

inhalation of irritating agent

acute laryngitis symptoms

pharyngitis, hoarseness, cough, dysphagia

alternative forms of laryngitis

tuberculosis, diphtheritic

hallmark of diphtheria

"dirty gray" pseudomembranes

Diphtheria causative agent

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

self-limited viral URTI caused by parainfluenza (MC) or RSV

laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)

hallmarks of croup

prominent stridor, "seal-like" bark

croup increases risk for

secondary bacterial infection (staph MC, strep, H. influenzae)

small, round nodules on vocal cords

vocal cord polyp

raspberry-like growth on vocal cords

laryngeal papilloma

who are carcinomas of larynx MC in?

>40 years, males

what are carcinomas of larynx caused by?

smoking, alcohol, irradiation, asbestos

malignancy of larynx, early sign = hoarseness

laryngeal carcinoma

MC laryngeal carcinoma (60-70% of cases)

glottic

20-40% of laryngeal cancers

supraglottic

very rare laryngeal carcinoma

subglottic