Adolescent Development Final Exam

Which of the following is not one of the three domains of development?

a.) physical

b.) cognitive

c.) psychosocial

d.) biosocial

biosocial

which of the following is not one of the four key issues/questions regarding adolescent development?

a.) Is development continuous or discontinuous?

b.) Is development different across cultures?

c.) Are there critical or sensitive periods for development?

d.) Is development active or passive?

e.) How do nature and nurture influence development?

is development different across cultures?

Paul Baltes is a leading expert on development; he established one of the most widely accepted approaches to studying development. What is his approach called?

lifespan perspective

___________ ___________ are unpredictable and not tied to a certain time in a person's development or to a historical period. They are the unique experiences of an individual.

non-normative influences

_________ _______________ ____________ are associated with a specific time period that defines the broader environmental and cultural context in which an individual develops.

normative history-graded influences

_________ __________ __________ are those biological and environmental factors that have a strong correlation with chronological age.

normative age-graded influences

____ _______ is a term used to describe someone's access to marketplace resources- essentially, how likely it is in their own environment that they might be able to find employment or have a social safety net.

life chances

_______ describes the state of not having access to material resources, wealth, or income, and also includes the lack of opportunity to improve one's standard of living and acquire resources.

poverty

a ______ is a group of people who are born at roughly the same time period in a particular society.

cohort

which of the following is not one of the general scientific approach fundamental features?

a.) theory and hypothesis

b.) systematic empiricism

c.) public knowledge

d.) empirical questions

theory and hypothesis

____________ ________ typically starts with a focused research question or hypothesis, collects a small amount of data from each of a large number of individuals, describes the resulting data using statistical techniques, and draws general conclusions about some large population. This is the most common approach to conducting empirical research in psychology.

quantitative research

___________ ________ generally begins with a less focused research question, collect large amounts of relatively "unfiltered" data from a relatively small number of individuals, and describe their data using nonstatistical techniques.

qualitative research

what research designs goal is to create a snapshot of the current state of affairs?

Descriptive

what research designs goal is to assess the relationships between and among two or more variables?

Correlational

what involves the watching and recording of a specific behavior of participants?

the observational method

what involves asking a standard set of questions to a group of participants?

surveys

what involves looking at media such as old texts, pictures, commercials, lyrics, or other materials to explore patterns or themes in culture?

content analysis

___________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so inconsistent, reproducible ways.

reliability

________ refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it's supposed to measure.

validity

which of the following is not one of the key components to a statistical investigation?

a.) planning the study

b.) inferring from the data

c.) examining the data

d.) drawing conclusions

e.) conducting the statistical analysis

conducting the statistical analysis

a ___________ ___________ is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between variables.

correlation coefficient

What research designs goal is to assess the causal impact of one or more experimental manipulations on a dependent variable?

experimental

a ___________ __________ is a description of how we will measure our variables, and it is important in allowing others to understand exactly how and what a researcher measures in a particular experiment.

operational definition

____________ ____ refers to the possibility that a researcher's expectations might skew the results of the study.

experimental bias

what is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter?

independent variable

what the researcher must measure to see how much effect the independent variable had.

dependent variable

what developmental research design has the following advantages: examines changes between participants of different ages at the same point in time and provides information on age differences.

cross-sectional

what developmental research designs has the following advantages: examines changes within individuals over time and provides a developmental analysis.

longitudinal

what developmental research design has the following advantages: examines changes within individuals over time, examines changes between participants of different ages at the same point in time, can be used to examine cohort effects, and can be used to examine in history effects.

sequential

which of the following is not one of the three early scholars who proposed theories of human behavior that are the "direct ancestors of the three major theoretical traditions" of developmental psychology today?

a.) John Locke

b.) Jean-Jacques Roussseau

c.) James Mark Baldwin

d.) Charles Darwin

James Mark Baldwin

who did Darwin's theories greatly influence and believed that children developed over their lifetime much in the same way that a species evolved throughout time?

G. Stanley Hall

who was a student of G. Stanley Hall, carried out the first large scale detailed study of children's behavior, and authored several books on the topic in the 1920s, 30s, and 40s?

Arnold Gesell

what approaches major idea states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts, influenced by unconscious mind and early childhood experiences?

psychodynamic approach

what approaches major idea states learning by the association of a response with a stimulus; a person comes to respond in a particular way through conditioning?

behavioral approach

what approaches major idea states people gradually acquire, construct, and use knowledge and information, influencing behavior and development?

cognitive approach

what approaches major idea states individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and contend that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their own behavior?

humanistic approach

what approaches major idea states development occurs within a social context as part of a cultural system?

contextual or sociocultural approach

what approaches major ideas states physiological functions, like the central nervous system and hormones, affect behavior and development?

biological approach

what approaches major idea states to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors?

evolutionary psychology approach

what theory are Charles Darwin, David Buss, Konrad Lorenz, and Robert Sapolsky associated with?

evolutionary psychology

what theory is associated with Lev Vygotsky and Uri Brofenbrenner?

contextual or sociocultural approach

what theory is associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow?

humanistic approach

what theory is assoicated with Jean Piaget, Richard Arkinson, and Richard Shiffrin?

cognitive approach

what theory is associated with Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura?

behavioral approach

what theory is associated with Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson?

psychodynamic approach

What is the period of rapid growth and sexual development that begins in adolescence and starts at some point between ages 8 and 14?

Puberty

What are the two distinct phased puberty occurs over?

Adrenarch and gonadarch

Which of the following is not one of the approaches used to try and reduce teenage pregnancies (discussed in your textbook)?

a.) emphasize abstinence

b.) making contraceptives readily available.

c.) comprehensive sex education

making contraceptives readily available

Which of the following is not one of the three types of sexual behaviors that increase the risk of transmitting or contracting an STI?

a.) Having sex with at least three partners during the past year

b.) Having a sex partner with a known STI

c.) having low self-esteem

d.) Not using a condom regularly

having low self-esteem

The concept of a person being unhappy with their own image or appearance has been defined as ____ _______________

Body dissatisfaction

______ __________ is an extreme concern with becoming more muscular

Muscle dysmorphia

Extremely restricted eating, emaciation, a relentless pursuit of thinness and unwillingness to maintain a healthy weight, an intense fear of gaining weight and distorted body image are all associated with what disorder?

Anorexia nervosa

Chronically inflamed and sore throat, swollen salivary glands in neck and jaw, worn tooth enamel, gastrointestinal problems, severe dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance are all associated with what disorder?

Bulimia nervosa

Eating unusually large amounts of food in a specific amount of time, eating even when you are full, eating fast during binge episodes, eating alone or in secret, feeling distressed, ashamed, or guilty about your eating, and frequently dieting are all associated with what disorder?

Binge-eating disorder

T/F 1 in 4 children between the ages of 5 and 16 rate playing computer games with their friends as a form of exercise.

true

______________, or the formation of connections between neurons, continues from the prenatal period forming thousands of new connections during infancy and toddlerhood.

Synaptogenesis

What continues through adolescence and early adulthood and although largely complete at this time, it can be added in gray matter regions like the cerebral cortex throughout life?

Myelination

What enables us to learn and remember new things and adjust to new experiences?

Neuroplasticity

What part of the brain is involved in decision making and cognitive control, as well as other higher cognitive functions?

Prefrontal cortex

During adolescence, ________________ and ______________________________ in the prefrontal cortex increases, improving the efficiency of information processing, and neural connections between the prefrontal cortex and other regions of the brain are strengthened.

Myelination; synaptic pruning

Development of what plays an important role in determining rewards and punishments and processing emotional experience and social interaction?

Limbic system

What is responsible primarily for processing information about touch?

Parietal lobe

The maturation of these two areas of the brain are associated with increased self-control, while the absence of maturation is associated with impulsivity and poor decision making.

Limbic system; prefrontal cortex.

Which of the following is not one of the recommended ways to decrease risk in teenagers?

a.) teen's free time needs to be closely monitored.

b.) early intervention before child reach adolescence

c.) teens need to gain life experience.

teen's free time needs to be closely monitored

Which of the following is not one of the action steps for helping someone in emotional pain? (5)

1. Ask

2. Keep them safe

3. Be there

4. Help them connect

5. Stay connected

6. all are part of the steps to help someone in emotional pain.

all are part of the steps to help someone in emotional pain.

When children act out persistently so that it causes serious problems at home, in school, or with peers, they may be diagnosed with ____________ _______ ________

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Which of the following is not a healthy behavior that may help with oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder?

a.) strengthening family relationships

b.) keeping to a strict daily schedule

c.) eating a healthy diet

d.) engaging in regular physical activity

e.) getting the recommended amount of sleep

keeping to a strict daily schedule

What are the protective factors for high risk substance use?

a.) Extra curricular participation

b.) Parental monitoring

c.) Family support

d.) Parent or family engagement

e.) Parental disapproval of substance use

extracurricular participation

What is not a cause of anxiety in adolescents?

a.) Peer relationships

b.) Physical changes

c.) Performance

d.) How they are perceived

e.) The world

peer relationships

Which of the following are not emotional changes in adolescents that are symptoms of depression?

a.) Ongoing sense that life and the future are grim and bleak

b.) Frustration or feelings of anger, even over small matters

c.) Feelings of sadness, which can include crying spells for no apparent reason

d.) Feeling hopeless or empty

e.) High self-esteem

high self-esteem

Which of the following are not behavioral changes in adolescents that are symptoms of depression? (13)

a.) Changes in appetite — decreased appetite and weight loss, or increased cravings for food and weight gain

b.) Agitation or restlessness

c.) Insomnia or sleeping too much

d.) Use of alcohol or drugs

e.) Fast thinking, speaking, moving

fast thinking, speaking, moving

What is the second leading cause of death for those aged 15-24 years old?

Suicide

Among younger children, which of the following might not suicide attempts be associated with?

a.) confusion

b.) sadness

c.) attention and hyperactivity

d.) insomnia

insomnia

Among teenagers, which of the following is not what suicide attempts are associated with?

a.) pressure to succceed

b.) confusion

c.) stress

d.) self-doubt

confusion

___-________ ____-______ (____) also referred to as self-harm, self-mutilation, or cutting, is a "deliberate, self-inflicted injury without suicidal intent or for socially sanction purposes (such as tattoos or piercings).

non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)

What is the average age of the first NSSI?

Between 11 and 15 years old

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for NSSI?

a.) neurological

b.) psychological

c.) social

d.) biological

neurological

The framework for organizing information is referred to as a ______.

Schema

Sometimes when we are faced with new information, we can simply fit it into our current schema; this is called ____________

Assimilation

_____________ is expanding the framework of knowledge to accommodate the new situation.

Accommodation

During which of Piaget's stages can adolescents reason about tangible objects and events but also about hypothetical or abstract ones and are able to understand abstract principles?

formal operational

What means that a relationship between two elements is carried over to other elements logically related to the first two?

Transitivity

What do we call an adolescent's heightened self-focus?

Egocentrism

What is it called when adolescents approach problems at a level that is too complex and they fail because the tasks are too simple?

Pseudostupidity

What is the ability to bring together salient aspects of two opposing viewpoints or positions and is considered one of the most advanced aspects of postformal thinking?

Dialectical thought

The _________ ________ is the adolescent's belief that those around them are as concerned and focused on their appearance as they are themselves.

Imaginary audience

________ _____ or belief that one is unique, special, and invulnerable to harm.

Personal fable

Who developed the concept of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

Lev Vygotsky

Who proposed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

__________ ____________ is academic problem solving and performing calculations.

Analytical intelligence

________ ____________ is the ability to adapt to new situations and create new ideas.

Creative intelligence

Which of the following is not likely to be important for creativity?

Expertise

Imaginative thinking

Risk-taking

Intrinsic interest

Concrete thinking

Working in creative environments.

concrete thinking

What is assessed based on cognitive capacity (IQ) and adaptive functioning?

Intellectual disability

What refers to those who have an IQ of 130 or higher?

Giftedness

What is the most common form of special educational need, and accounts for half of all students with special needs in the U.S. (5-20%)?

Learning disabilities

What is one of the most commonly diagnosed disabilities and involves having difficulty in the area of reading?

Dyslexia

What is a writing disability?

Dysgraphia

What is demonstrated by those individuals who can spell regularly spelled words, but not irregularly spelled ones?

Orthographic dysgraphia

What refers to problems in math?

Dyscalculia

Children with what disorder show signs of significant disturbances in three main areas: deficits in social interaction, deficits in communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)