new netherlands to great awakening

new netherlands

New Netherland was a Dutch colonial territory in North America that existed in the 17th century. It was established by the Dutch West India Company in the early 17th century and included parts of what are now New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut, as well as parts of modern-day Pennsylvania and Delaware.

The capital of New Netherland was New Amsterdam, located on the southern tip of Manhattan Island. The Dutch West India Company established this colony for various purposes, including trade, agriculture, and colonization. The Dutch were primarily interested in the fur trade and had a thriving trading relationship with Native American populations in the region.

New Netherland faced challenges from neighboring English colonies, and conflicts between the Dutch and English over control of the territory eventually led to the Anglo-Dutch Wars. In 1664, the English captured New Amsterdam, renaming it New York in honor of the Duke of York, who had received the land grant from the English king.

The legacy of New Netherland can still be seen in the names of many places in the region, as well as some cultural influences. The Dutch settlers contributed to the diverse cultural tapestry of early America and left an indelible mark on the history of the northeastern United States.

new amsterdam

New Amsterdam was the capital and primary settlement of the New Netherland colony, which was established by the Dutch West India Company in the early 17th century. It was located on the southern tip of Manhattan Island, in what is now New York City. Here's more information about New Amsterdam:

Establishment and Purpose: New Amsterdam was founded in 1626 as a Dutch trading post by Peter Minuit, who famously bought the island of Manhattan from the Native Americans for trade goods valued at 60 Dutch guilders. The primary purpose of the settlement was economic. The Dutch West India Company aimed to establish a presence in North America for trade, particularly in the fur trade. They also intended to profit from the rich natural resources in the area.

Settlers: The settlers of New Amsterdam were primarily Dutch, but the colony was characterized by a diverse population that included people from various European backgrounds, including Dutch, English, French, and others. There were also enslaved Africans and, to a lesser extent, indigenous peoples who lived in or near the settlement.

Women: The gender ratio in New Amsterdam was initially skewed, with a higher number of men compared to women. To encourage more permanent settlement and family life, the Dutch West India Company began offering incentives for women to immigrate to the colony. This included providing land and other privileges to women who were willing to marry and settle in New Amsterdam. This effort aimed to establish stable communities and a growing population.

Relations with the Natives: The relationship between the Dutch settlers and the Native Americans in the region was complex and varied. Initially, the Dutch engaged in the fur trade with the indigenous peoples, which often involved peaceful interactions and trade agreements. However, as the Dutch presence expanded and settlers established more permanent communities, tensions arose over land, resources, and differing cultural practices.

The Dutch were generally more accommodating and willing to trade with the indigenous peoples compared to some other European colonists, but conflicts did occur. The settlers and Native Americans had different worldviews, and misunderstandings and disputes arose, leading to occasional violence.

Seizure by England in 1664: In 1664, during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, England seized New Netherland, including New Amsterdam. The English expedition, led by Richard Nicolls, resulted in the capture of the colony. The Dutch settlers initially resisted, but they eventually surrendered. The English renamed the settlement New York in honor of the Duke of York, who had received the land grant from the English king.

The English takeover marked the end of Dutch colonial control in the area, and New York remained an English colony until the American Revolution, when it became part of the United States. The legacy of Dutch influence, however, can still be seen in the cultural and place names of the region.

new netherlands- major power in 17th century got wealthy through overseas trade, major colony in asia (indonesia today), north america established colony along hudson river (new york state) founded in 1620’s first settlement being fort orange, located in present day albani, 2 yrs after they established new amsterdam at the mouth of hudson river on man hatten island that they bought from local natives for trading goods, economic reason was fur trade and was first great industry of north america, the dutch traded manufactured good provided by the natives, 3 parties and dutch traded w local algonquian tribes(middle men as they got furs from the mohawk and did real capturing of furs). succesfful economically but grew slowly by 1660’s only 5 thousand colonists most being dutch, but alos english, fins, sweds, and small grp of free africans,

queer quakers

The Quakers, also known as the Religious Society of Friends, are a religious group that emerged in England during the 17th century. They are known for their distinctive beliefs and practices, and their influence extended to the establishment of the colony of Pennsylvania. Here's an overview of the Quakers and their connection to Pennsylvania:

Quaker Beliefs:

Quaker beliefs are rooted in the idea that every person has a direct and personal relationship with God through the "Inner Light" or "Inner Christ." This concept, often referred to as the "Doctrine of Inner Light," is central to Quaker theology. Quakers believe that divine revelation is accessible to all individuals and can guide them in matters of faith and conduct.

Pacifism:

Quakers are well-known for their commitment to pacifism. They believe in nonviolence and the peaceful resolution of conflicts. This pacifist stance is derived from their belief in the Inner Light, which guides them to seek peaceful alternatives to war and violence.

William Penn:

William Penn was a prominent Quaker and a key figure in the history of Pennsylvania. He was granted a charter by King Charles II in 1681 to establish the colony of Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and other religious dissenters. Penn's vision for the colony was one of religious tolerance, representative government, and fair treatment of indigenous peoples.

Government:

Pennsylvania's government was characterized by the principles of religious freedom, representative democracy, and the rule of law. William Penn's "Frame of Government" and later the "Charter of Liberties" established a government with a popularly elected assembly, a governor with limited powers, and a commitment to religious freedom. These documents were influential in the development of democratic governance in the American colonies.

Diversity:

Pennsylvania was known for its religious and ethnic diversity. It attracted not only Quakers but also a wide range of religious groups seeking religious freedom and economic opportunity. German immigrants, including Mennonites and Amish, settled in Pennsylvania, as did various Protestant groups, Catholics, and Jews. This diversity contributed to the cultural and religious tapestry of the colony.

Economy:

Pennsylvania had a diverse economy that included agriculture, trade, and industry. The fertile soil and favorable climate made it a productive agricultural region, and Quakers and other settlers engaged in farming. Additionally, Pennsylvania had access to trade routes, including the Delaware River, which facilitated commerce. The colony also played a significant role in the development of early American industry, with factors like water-powered mills and ironworks.

In summary, the Quakers and their beliefs, particularly the Doctrine of Inner Light and pacifism, had a significant impact on the founding and character of Pennsylvania. The colony, under the leadership of William Penn, was established as a haven of religious freedom, democracy, and diverse settlement, with a strong commitment to pacifism and social justice. This legacy has left an enduring mark on the history of Pennsylvania and the United States.

pennsylvania- founded by the quakers

-quaker believed they could communicate directly w god, required neither rituals nor ministers and men and women could both speak, they stressed doctrine of inner light- direct mystical experience of religious truth, believed it was possible for anyone to experience this. quakers were also pacifist and refused to engage in any kind of violence, would get them into trouble politically as they refused to serve in the kings amry,navy,militia, quakers were once humble and fiercly pround, they refused to surrender right to worship as they please and tolerated other faiths cheerfully, when faced w opposition they resorted to passive , many quakers looked to north america to found a colony of their own, established one in new jersey but their major effort would be in pennsylavania led by william penn, son of an admiral who converted, penn inherited fathers wealth and also inherited a claim for 16 thousand pounds the admiral had lent the kings, now even for king, that was a lot of money, and they made deal that instead of cash, penn would get land in north america (pennsylvania), penn viewed his colony as a holy experience, he allowed freedom of worship as long as everybody worshipped 1 god, he ran the colony himself for the first decade and then established a legislature, 1 house, legislature had right to initate bills and conduct business without proprietary interference, thus colonists here enjoyed freedom of religion, no taxation, and proccess of law, penn sold land at low prices and allowed all property owning men to vote and hold office, colony grew in population quickly and it was remarkable for its diversity, both religiously and ethnic, catholics luterans prodistant sects, french dutch, germans, sweds, scotts irish all settled, economy was based on agriculture, soil was rich and had long growing season, this allowed them to grow abundant crops, a large surplus resulted were sold to west indies to feed the african slave populations, this allowed pennsylvania to prosper, 18th century it would be charcterized as the best poor mans country,

pensylvanias natives

natives were algonquian ppl known as the delaware/lenni lenape, abt 5thousand when penn first arrived, lived in small autonomous bands along delaware river, practiced mixed economy of fishing gathering and farming, these natives welcomed the english because they were constantly harrassed by the iroquois, so they wanted them to provide defense an d valuable trade good, penn unlike other europeans treated the indians fairly and with respect buying titles to their lands, paying higher and fairer prices than other colonies, tried to protect them in their dealings with settlers and traders, lenni lenape had more land than they need and were happy to sell some for traded good, they had GOOD relations, pennsylvania was remarkable for the lack of warfare that plagued other colonies, other native ppls fled from mistreatment from other colonies to settle in pennsylvania, including some from carolina, new york etc, pennsylvania welcomed them, these natives provided barrier against the french and frances native allies, this allowed pennsylvania to grow and prosper, these good relationsions lasted as long as penn was alive and his sons became the colonies proprieters, and they would trade avarice w the natives, they liked to party and gamble but they were bad and lost, his sons were then in debt and had to sell the native lands, the natives still had lots of land but htey didnt want to sell, this led to walking purchase which would destroy their relations, the penns fraudulently claimed that an early tread gave them the rights, in this era, the way natives claimed was by walking around land was the boundary, lenni lanape denied that claim bc it was a lie and to solve the dispute, the natives and english agreed to walk the boundary and the natives expected a usual stroll but the english had duped them and they marked a straight route and held training runs and on the day of the walk the had a support team who followed on horse back, so when walk began the english walked mad fast like 65 miles, and natives didnt want to participate, this allowed them to steal much land and destroyed relations w the natives, the warfare had soon went to pennsylvania as settlers moved west.

pennis natives

Pennsylvania was originally inhabited by various indigenous peoples, and one of the prominent groups in the region were the Lenni Lenape, commonly known as the Delaware Indians. Here's an overview of the relationship between the Pennsylvania colony and the Lenni Lenape, as well as the controversial Walking Purchase:

Lenni Lenape (Delaware):

The Lenni Lenape, also known as the Delaware, were a group of Native American tribes who inhabited the Delaware Valley and surrounding regions, which included the territory that later became Pennsylvania. They were part of the Algonquian-speaking native peoples and lived in communities throughout the area.

Relations between the Colony and the Natives:

The early relations between the Pennsylvania colony and the Lenni Lenape were relatively peaceful compared to other European settlements in North America. The founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn, had a policy of peaceful coexistence and fair treatment of the Native American inhabitants. He negotiated land purchases and treaties with the Lenni Lenape and other indigenous groups, seeking to establish peaceful and mutually beneficial relationships.

However, as more European settlers arrived in Pennsylvania and the colony expanded, conflicts over land and resources inevitably arose. The pressure on indigenous lands led to tensions and disputes. Over time, these disputes and land encroachments strained the relationship between the colony and the Lenni Lenape.

The Walking Purchase:

The Walking Purchase was a controversial land acquisition that took place in 1737. It was initiated by the Pennsylvania government and involved a land purchase agreement between Pennsylvania officials and the descendants of William Penn, who claimed to have been promised a large tract of land in an old treaty. This land was supposedly to be as much land as a man could walk in a day and a half.

The agreement was based on an outdated and dubious deed, and the Pennsylvania government employed skilled runners to mark the land as much as possible in the time allowed. The pace set by the runners far exceeded what the Lenni Lenape and other indigenous inhabitants considered a reasonable walking speed.

The Walking Purchase resulted in the acquisition of a significantly larger area of land than the Lenni Lenape had expected or agreed to. This led to profound resentment and anger among the Lenni Lenape and contributed to further conflicts and deteriorating relations between the indigenous people and the Pennsylvania colony.

The Walking Purchase remains a contentious episode in the history of indigenous-settler relations and land rights in Pennsylvania and is an example of how some land acquisition methods were seen as exploitative and unjust by Native American tribes in the colonial era.

southern colonies

The Southern Colonies in colonial America included Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. These colonies had some shared characteristics and experiences, but each had its own unique history and development. Here's an overview of each of these colonies and their connections to the slave trade, the Westo people, the Yamasee War, and the founding of Georgia:

Maryland:

- Maryland was founded as a proprietary colony in 1632 by George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, and became a haven for English Catholics.

- The colony's economy was based on agriculture, including tobacco and later, other crops like wheat and corn.

- Maryland played a significant role in the early development of the slave trade, with African laborers being used on plantations.

- The colony had a significant Catholic minority, which led to the passage of the Maryland Toleration Act in 1649, one of the earliest laws promoting religious freedom in the American colonies.

North Carolina:

- North Carolina began as part of the Province of Carolina before it separated to become a distinct colony.

- The economy was initially centered on agriculture, with tobacco as a major cash crop.

- Slavery played a role in the agricultural economy of North Carolina, and it would become more prominent in the years leading up to the American Revolution.

South Carolina:

- South Carolina was established as a proprietary colony in 1663 and later became a royal colony in 1719.

- The colony's economy was based on rice and indigo cultivation, which led to the importation of enslaved Africans with expertise in rice cultivation.

- The slave trade was central to South Carolina's economic success, and it became one of the largest slaveholding colonies in North America.

- The Westo people, who had been trading with the English, were involved in conflicts with South Carolina colonists.

Yamasee War:

- The Yamasee War (1715-1717) was a conflict between South Carolina and its Native American allies, including the Creek and Cherokee, against the Yamasee and other Native American tribes.

- The war was driven by tensions over land, trade, and conflicts arising from the deerskin trade.

- The Yamasee War resulted in significant loss of life and property and had long-lasting consequences, including a decline in Native American populations in the region.

Georgia:

- Georgia was established as a proprietary colony by James Oglethorpe in 1732, and it was the last of the original thirteen colonies.

- The primary purpose of Georgia's founding was to provide a haven for debtors and to serve as a buffer colony between the Spanish in Florida and the other English colonies.

- Georgia initially had strict regulations against slavery, though it eventually became a slaveholding colony like its neighbors.

In summary, the Southern Colonies of Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were characterized by agricultural economies and, in many cases, a reliance on enslaved labor. They also had complex interactions with Native American tribes, as seen in the Yamasee War, and each colony had its unique history and development. Slavery played a significant role in shaping the economies and societies of these colonies, contributing to their distinct characteristics and legacies.

maryland- founded by george lord baltimore and found that the colony had refuge for english catholics but prodistants also allowed to settle and they became the majority this led to the most important rule “toleration act” garentueed freedom of religion to all christians, economically, maryland copied virginia and adopted economy on growing tobacco w african slave labor w many came to resmble virginia,

carolinas were not founded from england but purpose was to recruit ppl from other english colonies, specifically in west indies, wanted to move excess population to new colony, initial settlements became 2 seperate colonies, north and south carolina, north was a poor mans virginia but soil to grow tobacco w african slaves was not as rich and were poorer than south, south was central around charleston, made money w fur trade and food but initialy prosperity came through native american slave trade,, this was banned by the colonies charter but the colonist had the law, it was descibed as “ne, the english had native allied to capture slaves, enslaved 51thousand indians, a quater of the entire population of the southeasts and result was catastrophic, smashed native societies and scattered the survivors, crushing the spanish mission system, initial allies w, however teh westo blocked trade w natives in the west which irritated english in north carolina, they enslaved the yamasee and together enslaved the westo, only 50 survived and sent envoy to plead their case and english shipped them off into slavery, the yamasee destroyed what the psanish left and left northern florida deserted and the captives dried up and yamasee kept trading for goods, running up huge debts, english spread westward taking more land, yamasee knew what they had done and now feared that the english partners would enslave them, and so they went to war to prevent this “yamasee war” and killed all english they could find, english fled to charleston, other natives joined in the rebellion, grew into largest uprising against any european colonial power, the entire frontier was emptied of english, if natives had few more strikes they mightve destroyed entire colony, the english then recieved reinforcement from other colonies, and actualy pitch battles fought and english would soon win securing the colony, much of native population was gone , so then english turned to african slaves and began focusing on production of rice, south carolina became major producer of rice in british empire and war caused enslavement of another

north and south

In the 18th century, both North and South America were culturally and religiously diverse, but there were some key differences between the regions, particularly in terms of ethnic and religious diversity, as well as economic opportunities. Here's a comparison of North and South America in the 18th century:

North America:

Religious Diversity:

- The northern colonies, including New England, the Mid-Atlantic, and parts of the Chesapeake region, were characterized by a greater degree of religious diversity and tolerance.

- The New England colonies were founded by religious dissenters, including Puritans and Quakers, seeking religious freedom. Rhode Island, in particular, was known for its commitment to religious liberty.

- The Middle Colonies, such as Pennsylvania, were home to diverse religious groups, including Quakers, Mennonites, Lutherans, and various Protestant denominations.

Ethnic Diversity:

- Northern colonies had more diverse ethnic populations due to the arrival of different European immigrant groups, including English, Dutch, Germans, Scots-Irish, and others.

- Cities like Philadelphia and New York were melting pots of different cultures and languages.

Economic Opportunities:

- The northern colonies had diverse economies, including agriculture, trade, shipbuilding, and manufacturing.

- The economy in the northern colonies was more varied and not as heavily reliant on plantation agriculture and slave labor as in the southern colonies.

South America:

Religious Diversity:

- In South America, particularly in the Spanish colonies, the Roman Catholic Church had a dominant and unifying role in religious life.

- Religious diversity was limited, and non-Catholic religious practices were often suppressed.

Ethnic Diversity:

- South America saw a complex blend of ethnicities, including indigenous populations, Africans brought as slaves, and European colonizers, particularly the Spanish and Portuguese.

- The mixing of these different ethnic groups gave rise to the creation of diverse cultural identities, including mestizo and mulatto populations.

Economic Opportunities:

- The economic opportunities in South America, particularly in the Spanish colonies, were often focused on mining and the extraction of precious metals, such as gold and silver. These activities were often controlled by the Spanish crown and conducted with forced indigenous labor.

- Plantation agriculture was also significant, particularly in regions where African slaves were used to cultivate cash crops like sugar, coffee, and cacao.

It's important to note that there were regional variations within both North and South America. The distinctions between the two regions are generalizations and don't capture the full complexity of the diversity and economic opportunities that existed in the 18th century. Additionally, the 18th century was marked by significant historical events and changes in both continents, including the American Revolutionary War in North America and the various struggles for independence in South America. These events had a profound impact on the social, political, and economic landscapes of both regions.

once the colonist arrived they began to establish the colony and they complained abt this restriction and argued that w/o slave labor they are unable to complete w other colonies, so restriction on slavery was removed, and georgia became like south carolina as they grew rice w african slave labor.

-religous and ethnic diversity, northern colonies featured that, religions including catholics and jews and nearly every sect of prodistantism, region was ethnically diverse as every ethnic group settled here. south did not have religious and ethnic diversity; they were dominated by anglican church, ethnically dominated by english and africans(almost all slaves), were some scotts and irish

economic oppurtunity-north had great oppurtunities, achieving prosper was easy had strong middle class (middling ranks), reason for this was most of the colonies either granted new colonist free land or sold land at cheap prices, it was relatively easy to european to get land in northern colonies, by 18th century economic oppurtunites narrowed drastically, region dominated by planter elite that had the best land, poor whites had to move west into ‘back country’ to seek land and economic oppurtunity and faced w natives that didnt want to give up their land.

both regions, agriculture was the chief needs of lively hood, north, farmers grew primarily food staples like wheat and corn, while the south was dominated by cash crops, big difference developing was manufacturing, north developed small scale manufactoring known as artisans, artisans provided good that farmers needed on daily basis (horse shoes nails other goods), artisans able to prosper and small scale manufactoring developed

this did not happen in the south. instead the south got whatever manufactored good it needed through trade w england. south did not deduct small scale manufactoring.

urbanization- north large urban areas began to develop;newyork boston philedelphia, centers for artisons and commers emerged in those cites, these cities were small, but nonetheless they were emerging and in the south it was not happening, no southern city emerged to rival those growing in the north

politically all the colonies had elected representative assemblies. in the north, all adult males could vote bc there was widespread ownership of land, these voters had to take popular opinion, in the south, politics was dominated by planter elite, the held all the offices, like militia legistatures and county, these men were generally responsible but often resorted to bribery to win elections, promising money or handing out rum on election day, the amount of rum could determine if you won or not,

greaatest difference was slavery. obvious bc of the huge use of it in the south being race based, all colonies practiced slavery. in the north, slavery was small institution, only abt 10 percent of the population was enslaved as the north was a society with slaves, slavery was not important to its economy, politics or social system, although there were slave holders in ny, in the north family slavery prevailed; household would own a couple of slaves, usually as butlers housecleaners, thus slavery never became important part of nothern economy

south was a slave society, main source of labor, slavery was central to its economy politics and social system. first quarter of 18th century saw enormous influx of african slaves into the south, 1730 70 percent of population were enslaved africans, later they made up majority of population, antislavery movements in the colony were few, slavery was accepted part of life and extreme labor, only ppl who had major antislavery groups were the QUAKERRSSS, few antislavery protests in 1st halt of the century

carolinas

In the 18th century, North Carolina and South Carolina were both English colonies characterized by some similarities and significant differences in terms of agriculture, manufacturing, urbanization, politics, and their relationship with slavery. Here's an overview of each of these aspects in both North and South Carolina:

Agriculture and Manufacturing:

- North Carolina: North Carolina had a more diversified agricultural economy in the 18th century. It produced crops such as tobacco, rice, indigo, and lumber. The production of naval stores like pitch, tar, and turpentine was also important. Small-scale farming was common, and there was less reliance on plantation-style agriculture.

- South Carolina: South Carolina had a more specialized agricultural economy with a heavy emphasis on large plantations and cash crops. Rice and indigo were major crops, and the colony relied heavily on enslaved labor to cultivate these commodities. South Carolina was one of the most significant rice producers in the American colonies.

Urbanization:

- North Carolina: North Carolina had fewer large cities and urban centers in the 18th century. The population was spread out in smaller towns and rural areas.

- South Carolina: South Carolina had a more urbanized society, with the city of Charleston being a significant trading and economic hub in the southern colonies.

Politics:

- North Carolina: North Carolina was known for its relatively democratic and decentralized government. It was the last of the 13 original colonies to establish a royal governor. Local government was characterized by a county-based system, reflecting the rural and decentralized nature of the colony.

- South Carolina: South Carolina had a more centralized and hierarchical government. It had a royal governor earlier than North Carolina and featured a system of governance that was influenced by the plantation elite.

Slavery:

- North Carolina: In the 18th century, North Carolina had a society with slaves, but it did not fully develop into a "slave society." Slavery was less central to the economy and culture of the colony compared to the Deep South. Family slavery, where enslaved individuals often worked alongside their owners in smaller agricultural operations, was more common.

- South Carolina: South Carolina was a "slave society" in the 18th century, where slavery was deeply entrenched and central to the economy. Large plantations, particularly for rice and indigo cultivation, relied heavily on enslaved labor. The enslaved population far outnumbered the white population in many areas.

Anti-Slavery Movements:

- In the 18th century, there were limited anti-slavery movements in both North and South Carolina, but they were not as prominent as in some Northern colonies.

- Quakers and other religious groups in North Carolina did have some anti-slavery sentiment, but it did not lead to widespread abolitionist movements in the 18th century.

- South Carolina had a more pro-slavery and pro-plantation culture, and there was less opposition to slavery within the colony.

These differences in agriculture, manufacturing, urbanization, politics, and the nature of slavery contributed to the distinct character of North and South Carolina in the 18th century, setting the stage for their further development and role in the history of the United States.

atlantic slave trade

The Atlantic slave trade, also known as the Transatlantic slave trade, was a system of forced labor and commerce that involved the capture, transportation, and sale of African people to the Americas, primarily the European colonies in the New World. Here's an overview of various aspects of the Atlantic slave trade:

Trade between Europeans and Africans:

- The Atlantic slave trade involved the exchange of European goods, such as textiles, firearms, and metal products, for African captives.

- European slave traders established coastal trading posts and forts along the African coast, where they bartered with African merchants for enslaved individuals.

Who captured the slaves:

- Slaves were typically captured by African intermediaries, including local rulers, warlords, and traders, who raided neighboring communities and captured people to sell to European slave traders.

March to the coast (Coffles):

- After capture, enslaved individuals were often forced to undertake grueling marches, sometimes for hundreds of miles, to reach the African coast.

- These forced marches, known as "coffles," were brutal and deadly, as people were often chained together and subjected to harsh conditions.

Loading:

- Enslaved individuals who reached the coast were crowded into forts and dungeons, where they were held until the arrival of European slave ships.

- The loading process involved forcing the captives onto the ships, often in extremely cramped and unsanitary conditions.

The Middle Passage:

- The Middle Passage refers to the transatlantic journey from Africa to the Americas.

- It was a horrific and traumatic experience for enslaved Africans. The ships were overcrowded, with people packed tightly together.

Packing:

- Enslaved Africans were packed into the holds of slave ships, often in horrifyingly cramped and unsanitary conditions.

- They were arranged in a way that minimized available space and maximized the number of captives that could be transported.

Conditions during the voyage:

- Conditions on slave ships were deplorable. Enslaved Africans endured overcrowding, poor ventilation, filth, disease, and brutal treatment by the crew.

- Many captives were forcibly separated from their families and communities.

- The journey across the Atlantic could last for weeks or even months, during which enslaved individuals suffered from malnutrition, disease, and the psychological trauma of captivity.

Mortality:

- Mortality rates during the Middle Passage were shockingly high. Many enslaved Africans died from diseases, harsh treatment, or suicide.

- Mortality rates varied but could reach as high as 20% or more on some voyages.

The Atlantic slave trade was a deeply exploitative and inhumane system that resulted in the forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas, where they were subjected to brutal conditions and a lifetime of enslavement. This brutal history has had profound and lasting impacts on the descendants of those who were enslaved and on the societies of the Americas. It remains a significant and painful chapter in world history.

british colonies imported one and a half million african slaves with most going to english colonies in the west indies. most of them came from the west african coast, europeans did not capture the slaves, african kingdoms along the coast did that, they then traded the slaves to europeans, prinicply for manufactured goods like guns, 18th century britain alone experted nearly 300k guns to west africa, africans did not tolerate europeans, these african kingdoms had power to defeat europeans who refused to cooperate, armed w european muskets, kingdoms became wealthy and powerful, slave raids could go deep into continent captured slaves would march to the coast in coffles

coffles-long lines of dozens of ppl roped together by the neck with leather to prevent escape

some march exceeded 500mi and 6months, a quarter of captives died. captives were placed into wild pens, stripped naked and healthy young ppl, once sold they were on canoe and then placed into ship, they were most vulnerable, to present such uprising, they would shakle the slaves together and assemble people of diverse languages and backgrounds and employ large crews, along the coast, rebellions still happened, bloodily surpressed and sometimes slaves overwhelmed and massacred the captives, once loading completed, some slaves would be thrown overboard, how much suffering was determined how the slaves were packed

1. loosely packed, give slaves more spaces, thought little more room, food, excercise led to healthier and more profitable slaves (brought fewer slaves)

2. most ships tightly packed the slaves, thinking greatest profit came from largest numbers and death of some as part of business, slaves had no clothing or bedding and laid at the waste their bodies produces

slaves fed 2 times a day, brought onto deck in small groups of 10 but they refused to each, they were forced to w a mouth opener that forced down food and then they were forced to excercise, brutalized slaves were born to sicken and die as they were prone to disease, the crew would throw the sick overboard. abt 20 percent of slaves died during the middle passage, in18th century however due to some modest improvements, only abt 10 percent died, only abt 4 percent of english convicts died over the passage on the atlantic,

slavery

Slavery in the Southern United States during the 18th and 19th centuries was a deeply entrenched and oppressive system, with various aspects including the auctioning of slaves, the treatment of enslaved individuals, slave laws, resistance, cultural practices, the family structure, and its impact on poor white populations. Here's an overview of these aspects:

Auctioning:

- Enslaved individuals were often sold at public auctions, where they were displayed and bid upon like commodities.

- Families were frequently separated as members were sold to different owners.

- The auctioning of slaves was a dehumanizing and traumatic experience for those being bought and sold.

Treatment of Slaves:

- Enslaved individuals endured harsh and brutal treatment, including physical abuse, long hours of labor, and inadequate living conditions.

- Slavery was a system that denied basic human rights and subjected individuals to the whims of their owners.

Slave Laws:

- Slave codes and laws were enacted in the Southern states to regulate the behavior and treatment of enslaved individuals.

- These laws enforced strict control over enslaved people and made it illegal for them to learn to read, assemble, or move freely.

Slave Resistance and the Stono Rebellion:

- Enslaved people resisted their bondage in various ways, including acts of sabotage, escape, and rebellion.

- The Stono Rebellion in 1739 was one of the largest slave uprisings in the Southern colonies. Enslaved Africans in South Carolina rebelled and attempted to flee to Spanish Florida. The rebellion was eventually suppressed, and many participants were executed.

Culture:

- Enslaved individuals in the South preserved their African cultural heritage to varying degrees, often through music, dance, religion, and oral traditions.

- African cultural elements influenced the development of African American culture, which contributed to the rich cultural tapestry of the United States.

Family:

- Families among enslaved people were often disrupted due to forced separations by sale, relocation, and the demands of slave labor.

- Despite these challenges, enslaved individuals often maintained strong family ties and support networks. Families provided emotional and practical support to each other.

Effect on Poor Whites in the South:

- The presence of slavery in the South had complex effects on poor whites. While it created a racial hierarchy that elevated poor whites above enslaved people, it also perpetuated economic inequality.

- The institution of slavery allowed wealthy slaveholders to dominate the economic and political landscape, which sometimes disadvantaged poor whites in terms of access to land and economic opportunities.

The legacy of slavery in the United States is one of enduring racial inequality and social injustice. It has had profound and lasting impacts on the African American community and the country as a whole. Slavery's harsh realities, as well as the resilience and strength of those who endured it, are an important part of American history and continue to shape the nation's ongoing conversation about racial justice and equity.

auction house; examined by potential buyers, stripped naked, and buyer would poke, their bodies, check their teeth, and then they would be sold to the highest bidder.

were often barefoot porely clothed and poorly fed, the most common labor was to dig ditches, clear plant and tend fields, on large plantations they cultivated tobacco and rice, here on large plantations, they were usually quartered in barrocks, fed in bulk like lifestock and issued shoes so unfortable many prefered being barefoot, owners usedj brutal means to discipline, whipped, shacked, or sold to carribbean islands, this treatment was allowed under colonial law/slave law / slave code, these laws regulated the behavior of black ppl both free and slaved, increased severity, the south carolina act denied slaves of freedom to grow food, read english, earn money, black people free or slaves had no civil rights under these codes and punishments for these offenses were severe, may have toes amputated, for serious crimes death by hanging or burned alive, for sexual offenses male slaves would be castrated and slaves tried many ways to resist the system including, stealing, sabotage, and pretending to be lazy or stupid, ofc another form of resistance was running away, slaves that ran away to south to florida and spanish who gave runaway english slaves freedom, slaves that ran west met with natives that would sell them back to the english as they did not like the africans,

stono rebellion- planters had recently bought slaves from the condo, some who had been soldiers, 75 of these africans led by the soldiers rebelled and killed numbers of whites, beated drums to attract followers and armed band traveled to florida, shouting liberty, unfortuanately they stoped to party and this allowed south carolina militia to catch up to them and have the, took the lives of 200 africans, a few slaves did manage to reach floritda and freedom,

18th century there was huge influx of africans who did not speak same language or same culture, was difficult for african slaves to form a culture, in forms of music, folklore, and religion, which they used to distract them from their servitude, they used songs, stories and religious preaching to circulate coded messages that expressed their distate for their masters, most of the slaves brought were not christian, most of them would eventually adopt christianity. it was christianity that blended african and christian beliefs and was practiced in secret and its fundemental theme was that god would eventually free them from slavery and open the gates of heaven to them, had to be practiced in secret as they did not like the liberous message, and compelled slaves to listen to white preachers and give sermons that would emphasize obedience to their master, they insisted the becoming christian had no effect to their work status as slaves, family was important to slave, many colinise outlawed slave marriage, but some owners allowed unofficial marriages and families to form as they believed it would be easier to control them, the africans developed gender roles distinct from european society, women slaves worked w enslaved men and were treated the same as men for better and worse.

slavery effect on poor whites,

planter elite owned all the best lands and now worked w african slaves, poor whites had to migrate west here they sought land and economic oppurtunity most were scottish, irish, or german immigrants, abt 10 percent of colonial populaiton had moved here, it was not a peaceful mirgration, native americans lived, her and they sought to keep white settlers out. much violence made thorugh this migration,

population growth

18th century, british colonies grew and doubled every 25 yrs, population 250thousand by 1770 over 2.1 million ppl, annual growth reate of 3 percent, immigraiton played role in primary reason of growth was natural reproduction. ppl lived primarily on farms small towns, few lived in cities, largest city was still philedelphia, for the young there were fewer good oppurtunities esp in lawn setteld areas, here, the supply of land had diminished, thus many young people were unable to buy or inherit farms. so the young faced three alts,

1. move to city to work for wages

2. rent land from a wealthy landlord, tenant farmer, thise was a trap rather than ladder upward, most tenants lived in poverty had to crowd their large families into small shacks, \

3. immigrate westward to fight indians for frontier land, and still have to pay a title to the land, not easy path to prosperity, thick forest bad roads, dangerous wildlife, and resentful natives, land speculators who demanded payments that drained resouces of the settlers, if you survided, most settlers secued ampled diet but still struggled to pay debts, british colonies were drawn into world

commerce

Atlantic commerce in the 18th century played a significant role in the Consumer Revolution, affecting artisans and the artisan system. Here's how these aspects are related:

Consumer Revolution:

- The Consumer Revolution was a historical period during the 18th century characterized by a significant increase in the consumption of consumer goods.

- It was driven by various factors, including increased trade and availability of a wide range of products, growth in colonial economies, and changes in consumer preferences.

Artisans:

- Artisans were skilled craftsmen who produced a wide range of goods, often by hand, in various trades such as blacksmithing, woodworking, tailoring, and pottery.

- Prior to the Consumer Revolution, artisans were primarily involved in producing goods for local markets and communities.

The Artisan System:

- The artisan system was a pre-industrial economic and production model in which skilled artisans were responsible for crafting goods from start to finish.

- Artisans typically worked in small workshops and produced high-quality, handcrafted items, often customized to meet the specific needs of local consumers.

Chances for Success:

- The Consumer Revolution brought both opportunities and challenges to artisans.

- On the one hand, increased demand for consumer goods provided artisans with a broader market for their products, potentially leading to increased business and success.

- However, the Consumer Revolution also brought competition from mass-produced goods, as industrialization began to take root. Mass-produced items were often cheaper and more standardized than those produced by artisans.

In summary, the Consumer Revolution, driven by the expansion of Atlantic commerce and increased consumer demand for a wide range of goods, had significant implications for artisans and the artisan system. While it offered opportunities for artisans to access larger markets, it also posed challenges as the shift toward mass production and industrialization began to alter the economic landscape. Many artisans adapted to changing consumer preferences by specializing in custom, high-quality, and unique products, while others struggled to compete with the cheaper and more standardized goods produced by emerging industries. This period marked a significant transition in the history of production and consumption.

consumer revolution- goods around the world became more available, newspaper filled with ads, american homes filled w british and asian goods, modest farmers and artisans had books, metal cutlery, items made of silk and cotton, tea became necessity of life, artisans benefitted from consumber revolutions

artisans specialized in the making of productions, ytpical artison worked in small shop that master would own (often his own home) , artison system began w young man being apprentice to a master, master would provide apprentice with training and in return the apprentice worked for the master, apprentice recieved training which would become an artisan, once they had achieved their skill they became journey men; artisans who did not have their own tools but worked for a master, their goal was to earn anough money to earn their own shop, the aritsan skill set them apart from common laborers who were below in the scale, skills gave them more economic freedom than those that depended on others, chances of succes for journey men artison, most enjoyed a reasonably good chance of success and rising to change of master and rising to workshop of their own, some achieved success, producing jewelry, candleware, jewelry, most famous artison was benjiman franklin, he was apprentice printer in franklin were he would establish him own shops, american artison due to consumer revolution had good chance of econumic success

social classes

Social classes in colonial America were characterized by distinct hierarchies and patterns. Here's an overview of how these elements were related:

Colonial Elite:

- The colonial elite represented the upper echelon of society and were typically comprised of wealthy landowners, large plantation owners, and influential individuals who held positions of power and authority.

No Aristocracy:

- Unlike European societies with traditional aristocracies, colonial America did not have a titled nobility or hereditary aristocracy. Social status was often based on wealth, landownership, and political influence.

Virginia's Planter Class:

- In Virginia, the planter class was a dominant force in society. It consisted of wealthy tobacco growers who controlled much of the colony's economy and politics.

Imitated English Upper Class:

- Many of the colonial elite in the 18th century sought to imitate the English upper class. This was evident in their manners, clothing, architecture, and social customs.

Liberty to Elites:

- While the rhetoric of liberty and equality was gaining momentum in the American colonies, political and civil rights were often extended primarily to the elites. Poor and marginalized individuals had limited political participation.

Poverty:

- Poverty was a significant issue in colonial America. Many people, including indentured servants, laborers, and small farmers, lived in impoverished conditions.

Growth in 18th Century:

- During the 18th century, colonial America experienced significant population growth, urbanization, and economic expansion. This period is often referred to as the "colonial growth period."

Attitudes and Policies Toward Poverty:

- Attitudes toward poverty were mixed. Some believed that poverty was a moral failing, while others saw it as a result of circumstances or social injustice.

- Poor relief efforts were limited, and individuals in poverty often relied on family and community support.

The Middle Rank:

- In between the colonial elite and the impoverished, there was a middle rank of society. This group included small farmers, merchants, artisans, and professionals.

Widespread Ownership of Land:

- The availability of land in colonial America allowed for widespread land ownership, which contributed to the development of a property-owning class. However, the quality and quantity of land varied across regions.

In summary, colonial America had a complex social structure with distinct classes, from the elite planters to the impoverished. While the rhetoric of liberty and equality was taking root, access to rights and opportunities was often limited to the colonial elite. The growth of the colonies in the 18th century created a more diverse and complex social landscape, with a middle class emerging between the elite and the impoverished. Widespread land ownership was a defining characteristic of the colonial social system.

The following. At the top, of course,were It's a merchant in the 18th century. It was not. They were not as powerful or as wealthy as the elite in Britain. But they nonetheless came to dominate society and politics.r the elite. In the north, this elite consisted primarily of merchants. And succeeded. To overseas trade. The South, of course, were primarily planters. Succeeded by growing tobacco or rice. The Southern planters accumulated enormous wealth. Primarily in land and slaves. Now America had No title aristocracy like Britain. It had no system of established social rank. Or family pedigrees. Stretching back to medieval times. Virtually no one had land holdings and monetary value that rival those of the British aristocracy. But nonetheless, throughout America men of prominence arose and control colonial government. Looking for genius planter class? The 18th century. Virginia's planters. Could expect to pass their wealth down to the next generation. Providing a state for their sons. And the stablishing family dynasties. Nearly every Virginian of note. Achieve prominence through family connections. The days when self-made men could rise into the Virginia Gentry were long gone. By the 1770s, nearly all upper class Virginians had inherited their wealth. They came from families. More established backgrounds. So Thomas Jefferson's grandfather was a justice of the police, militia captain and sheriff, and his father was a member of the House of Burgesses. George Washington 's father, grandfather and great grandfather had been Justices of the peace. Virginia bit planters use their control of government. To gain possession of large tracts of land as western areas opened for settlement. Land speculation? One of the major activities of the Virginia Planter class in the mid 18th century, and as we will see later, it will help spark a World War. alright that's not word 

women

Women and the household economy in colonial America were closely intertwined, with the family being the center of economic life. Here's an overview of how these aspects were related:

Family as the Center of Economic Life:

- In colonial America, the family unit was the central economic and social structure. Families were typically self-sustaining economic units, responsible for producing, preserving, and distributing goods and resources.

Attitudes About Women:

- The prevailing attitudes towards women in colonial America were influenced by traditional gender roles. Women were expected to fulfill domestic roles, including managing the household and caring for children.

Marriage and Law:

- Marriage was considered a key institution in colonial society, and legal and social norms reinforced the idea that husbands held primary authority within the family. Married women often had limited legal rights and were legally subservient to their husbands.

Women's Work:

- Women played a crucial role in the colonial household economy. They were responsible for tasks such as cooking, cleaning, childcare, and textile production. Women also contributed to the family's agricultural or craft-based production.

Women and the Household Economy:

- Women's contributions to the household economy were essential for the survival and well-being of the family. They managed resources, maintained the home, and often engaged in various economic activities, like making textiles and preserving food.

Farm Women:

- On farms, women's work included helping with planting, harvesting, and caring for animals. They were active participants in the agricultural production that sustained the family.

Some Opportunities in Towns and Cities:

- Women in towns and cities had more opportunities for economic engagement beyond the household. They could work as domestic servants, run small businesses, engage in crafts and trades, or take on roles as midwives or healers.

Work Seemed to Increase:

- As colonial America expanded and the economy diversified, women's work often increased. In towns and cities, women had more opportunities for wage labor, while in rural areas, they continued to engage in both domestic and agricultural work.

It's important to note that the experiences of women in colonial America varied based on factors like geographic location, social class, and cultural background. While many women were confined to traditional gender roles, some managed to find opportunities to contribute to the household economy and even generate income outside the home. The roles of women in colonial society were multifaceted, reflecting a complex interplay of tradition, necessity, and changing economic conditions.

great awakening

The Great Awakening was indeed a series of Protestant religious revivals that swept through the American colonies in the 1730s through the 1750s. It was characterized by a surge in religious fervor, emotional preaching, and a focus on personal salvation. The origins of the Great Awakening are rooted in several key factors:

1. Religious Decline: By the early 18th century, many American colonists were concerned about what they perceived as a decline in religious piety and a growing secularization of society. They saw a need for a spiritual revival.

2. Influence of Pietism: Pietism, a European religious movement emphasizing a personal relationship with God and religious experience, influenced American religious thought. Pietism's focus on individual piety and religious enthusiasm contributed to the Great Awakening.

3. Influence of the First Great Awakening: A precursor to the Great Awakening was the First Great Awakening, which occurred in the 1720s and 1730s. This earlier wave of revivalism set the stage for the larger, more widespread movement.

4. Preachers and Evangelists: The Great Awakening was led by charismatic preachers and evangelists such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. These individuals traveled throughout the colonies, delivering impassioned sermons that emphasized the need for personal conversion and a deep, emotional religious experience.

5. Print Media: The availability of printed materials, including pamphlets and sermons, helped disseminate the ideas and messages of the Great Awakening. It allowed for the widespread distribution of revivalist literature and teachings.

6. Denominational Divisions: The Great Awakening led to denominational splits and the formation of new religious groups. Some established churches were resistant to the revivalist message, while others embraced it.

7. Emphasis on Emotionalism: The Great Awakening placed a significant emphasis on emotional and experiential aspects of faith, including personal conversions, repentance, and the "new birth."

The Great Awakening had a profound impact on American society, politics, and religion. It contributed to the development of diverse religious traditions, encouraged greater religious tolerance, and fueled a sense of religious and personal freedom. It also had social and political implications, as it fostered a sense of individualism and religious pluralism that influenced American culture in the years leading up to the American Revolution. a series of protestant religious revivals that swept through the british colonies from the 1730s through the 1750s

it was a national event, led ppl to rethink basic asumptions abt church n state, instutions and society, unprecedented all through course of american history, origins lay in early 18thcentury when many prodistant had believed that religion had lost its vitality and no long connected llives of ordinary ppl, ministers obsessed and gave boring sermons that no longer touched the heart. denominations made it impossible to enforce laws that made it possible for church attendance,

jonathon edwards

Jonathan Edwards was a prominent Congregational minister from Massachusetts in the 18th century. He played a significant role in American religious history and is best known for his acceptance of Calvinism, his famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," and his broader impact on American religion.

Acceptance of Calvinism:

- Jonathan Edwards fully embraced the theological tradition of Calvinism, particularly the Reformed theology of the Puritans. He believed in the total depravity of humanity, the sovereignty of God, and the concept of predestination, which held that God had preordained who would be saved and who would be damned.

"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God":

- Edwards delivered his famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" in 1741 during the First Great Awakening, a religious revival movement in the American colonies. In this sermon, he vividly described the horrors of hell and the precarious state of unrepentant sinners, emphasizing that they were like a spider dangling over a fire.

- The sermon's imagery and language were designed to evoke fear and conviction in the hearts of his listeners. It is one of the most iconic and influential sermons in American religious history.

Impact:

- Jonathan Edwards was a central figure in the Great Awakening, which was a religious revival characterized by emotional, enthusiastic preaching and personal conversion experiences.

- His preaching style and message, emphasizing the need for personal salvation and a deep, emotional relationship with God, contributed to the Great Awakening's success and helped inspire many converts.

- Edwards' impact extended beyond his own time. He wrote extensively on theology and religious matters, leaving a significant body of work that has continued to influence religious thought.

- His emphasis on revivalism, emotional spirituality, and the individual's relationship with God had a lasting impact on American Protestantism and helped shape the development of various denominations and religious traditions in the United States.

Jonathan Edwards remains a pivotal figure in American religious history, particularly in the context of the First Great Awakening. His preaching and theological contributions had a profound and lasting influence on American Christianity, and his "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" is a testament to the power of religious rhetoric in shaping religious movements and conversions.

jonathan edwards - sparked revivals, congregational minister from massachusetts, old puritan church, accepted calvinism and emphasis on predestination, believed that ministers had grown soft, leaving ppl w the mistake and impression that sinners may avoid eternal damnation by performing good works, sermon was “sinners in the hands of an angry god”, fire preacher, reminded perishers of their eternal fate by god, there was nothing they could do to save themselves and were dependent on the lords will, he made sure that his perishers understood that we were all sinners in the hands of an angry god, dismal case, every person in congregation has no been born again no matter how religious they are, his powerful sermons set off response esp w young who flocked to church and converted w a sense of dependence on god and this spread throughout the rest of the colonies,

george whitefield

George Whitefield was a prominent figure in the religious revivals of the 18th century, particularly during the Great Awakening in the American colonies. He was an English Anglican cleric and evangelist known for his role in spreading the revivals throughout the colonies and his distinctive preaching style.

Spread of Revivals:

George Whitefield played a key role in the Great Awakening, which was a series of religious revivals that swept through the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. Whitefield's preaching tours, which began in the early 1730s, took him across the American colonies, including New England, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. His charismatic and fervent sermons attracted large crowds and contributed to the revival's spread.

Preaching Style:

Whitefield's preaching style was characterized by several distinctive features:

1. Emotional and Dramatic Delivery: Whitefield was a highly emotional preacher who could move his audiences to tears, laughter, and deep religious experiences. His delivery was dramatic, and he had a powerful voice that could be heard by large crowds.

2. Extemporaneous Preaching: Whitefield often preached extemporaneously, without a prepared text. He spoke directly to the hearts of his listeners, making it feel like he was addressing each individual personally.

3. Evangelical Message: Whitefield's sermons emphasized the need for personal conversion, a deep relationship with God, and the importance of faith in Christ. He urged his listeners to be born again and experience a spiritual transformation.

Teaching on God's Responsiveness to Good Works:

Whitefield's theology was rooted in evangelical Christianity, which emphasized salvation through faith in Jesus Christ rather than through good works. He did not preach that God was responsive to good works in the sense of achieving salvation through one's deeds. Instead, he stressed the importance of faith and a personal relationship with God for salvation. Whitefield believed that individuals needed to experience a spiritual rebirth and a transformation of the heart to be saved.

George Whitefield's impact on the Great Awakening and the spread of evangelical Christianity in the American colonies was profound. His preaching reached large and diverse audiences, and he inspired countless individuals to seek a personal relationship with God and to experience religious conversion. His influence extended beyond the 18th century, contributing to the development of various Protestant denominations and evangelical movements in the United States.

george whitefield - spread the revivals throughout the colonies, visited all colonies from maine to georgia, used an emotional, theatrical preaching style in contrast to the more restrained style, everywhere ppl would hang on his words with silence and sobs, he filled the churches, audience came from all demographics, aand he welcomed all prodistants, he won his audience w the message well suited to americans, he did not deny predestination, and argued god was responsive to good intentions, argued that you have some control over eternal fate and this was optimistic view that attracted american prodistants, it was most attracted to the great awakening and men and women of modest means, the preachers of the awakening critized commercial society, insisting that believers should make salvation not money, in new england they condemned merchants and snared the unworthy as greedy and unchristian, preaching to small farmers revivals as preachers critized worthiness of wealthy planters and the sinful activities of gambling, horse racing, and passtimes of the planter elite, it was the akwakings relationship w slavery, it was complicated, few peachers condemned slavery, and concluded that black and white were brothers of christ but that was minority view, majority had slave holding, it was the african american slaves that were there during the great awakenin and would convert to christianity and some would even preach, 18th century women were believed to be more susceptible to fits of more emotion than men, so revival spirital targeted women bc of this belief, other ministers thought revival consisted of shrieks, spasms as physical manesfestatiion of holy spirit at work, women seemed more willing to let the spirit move them, somes revivalists loosened female participation on worship,

who gay

The Great Awakening was a significant religious revival and cultural movement that swept through the American colonies in the 18th century, particularly during the 1730s and 1740s. It was marked by a series of Protestant religious revivals and a heightened emphasis on individual religious experience. While the Great Awakening did not have a single leader or organization, it involved numerous religious leaders and preachers who shared common themes.

Criticism and Reforms:

1. Criticism of Spiritual Apathy: The Great Awakening criticized what it saw as spiritual apathy and moral laxity in the American colonies. Many revivalists believed that colonists were becoming complacent in their religious beliefs and practices.

2. Call for Personal Conversion: The revivalists called for personal conversion experiences, emphasizing the need for individuals to have a profound, emotional, and life-altering encounter with God. This emphasis on personal salvation became a hallmark of the movement.

Slavery and Women:

- While the primary focus of the Great Awakening was on spiritual and moral renewal, it had mixed effects on issues like slavery and the role of women:

- Slavery: The Great Awakening did not lead to a significant movement against slavery. Some revivalists, like George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards, owned slaves themselves, and the movement did not advocate for the abolition of slavery. However, the revivals did lead to some religious conversions among enslaved individuals, and a few abolitionists in the later years of the movement cited religious reasons for their stance against slavery.

- Women: The Great Awakening offered some opportunities for women to become involved in religious activities. Women played a more active role in organizing and participating in revival meetings. However, these opportunities were often confined to the religious sphere, and women's broader social and political rights did not significantly change as a result of the Great Awakening.

Old Lights vs. New Lights:

- The Great Awakening also brought about divisions within existing religious institutions and denominations. These divisions were often characterized by the terms "Old Lights" and "New Lights."

1. Old Lights: Old Lights were traditionalists who opposed the revivalist and emotional style of the Great Awakening. They were often associated with established churches and were critical of the revival's emotionalism, its effects on church discipline, and the challenges it posed to established religious authorities.

2. New Lights: New Lights were revivalists who embraced the emotional and experiential aspects of the Great Awakening. They believed in the power of personal religious experiences and conversions. New Light churches and congregations often emerged as a result of this revivalist movement.

The Great Awakening had a lasting impact on American religious culture and contributed to the growth of diverse religious denominations and movements. While it did not lead to immediate social or political reforms on issues like slavery and women's rights, it did foster a sense of religious individualism and personal piety that influenced the development of American Protestantism and laid the groundwork for future social and political movements.

gay impact

The Great Awakening had several important and lasting impacts on colonial American society, culture, and politics, including those mentioned:

1. Founding of Several Colleges:

- The Great Awakening played a significant role in the founding and growth of educational institutions. As revivalist preachers encouraged the spread of religious knowledge and fervor, it led to the establishment of colleges such as Princeton (then the College of New Jersey), Brown University, Rutgers University, and Dartmouth College. These colleges were often founded with religious missions and played a central role in training ministers and promoting religious values.

2. Encouraged Young People to Take an Active Role in Their Salvation:

- The Great Awakening stressed the importance of personal conversion experiences and individual relationships with God. This message had a profound impact on young people, motivating them to seek salvation actively. The movement inspired young men and women to become more involved in religious activities, leading to a new generation of religious leaders and activists.

3. The First Truly National Event in American History:

- The Great Awakening is often considered the first truly national event in American history. The revivals spanned across the American colonies, crossing regional, denominational, and cultural boundaries. It brought together colonists from different backgrounds and regions in a shared religious experience.

4. People Shared an Optimism About the Future:

- The Great Awakening instilled a sense of optimism and spiritual renewal in the American colonies. The emphasis on personal salvation and religious revival led many people to believe in the possibility of individual and collective spiritual transformation. This optimism contributed to a sense of hope and renewal in colonial society.

5. Prepared the Way for the Development of a Revolutionary Mentality:

- The Great Awakening had a lasting impact on American culture and politics. It emphasized the importance of individual rights, personal responsibility, and the idea that ordinary people could challenge established authority, even in matters of faith. These principles laid the groundwork for the development of a revolutionary mentality that would later influence the American Revolution.

In summary, the Great Awakening was a transformative religious movement that left a lasting mark on American society and culture. It encouraged educational and intellectual growth, motivated young people to become actively involved in their faith, fostered a sense of shared national experience, instilled optimism, and helped prepare the intellectual and emotional groundwork for the revolutionary events that would shape the future of the United States.

the great awakening was divisive and would divide america into new lights and old lights

new lights joined the great awakening while those that opposed were known as old lights

old lights regarded movement as nonsense and tried to use state authority to stop it, new lights defended that emotional preaching, and resisteed efforts to ban it, they condemned old lihts as unconverted sinners and often founded their own churches,

had impact on ordinary americans, new lights founded new colleges, awakening encouraged young ppl to take an active role in their salvation, to challenge traditional figures of authority and not rely on ministers or institutions. great awakening was first national event that gave ordinary ppl an awareness of a larger community beyond town, they were paart of a union, for them a served as a force of nationalism, gained optimism about the future as they believed w gods help, social progress was possible, thus for ordinary americans, the great awakening prepared way to relvolutionary and challenge traditional authorities like parliament and the king