APUSH - Test Units 1 and 2 (1491 - 1607 & 1754 - 1800) (CUT)

How did the domestication of maize make the city of Tenochtitlan possible?

Maize was a stable food supply that...

1. most citizens could grown on their own

2. allowed citizens to stay in one place

3. grow their population

What characteristics of the Aztec Empire and its capital city made it vulnerable to conquest?

• Its big size made it hard to protect themselves and made them more vulnerable.

• Its location in Central America also made it really accessible from anywhere.

1.1 (Contextualizing Period 1): Describe the significance of 1492.

• It was the year of Columbus' voyage that initiated lasting contact between people on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

1.1 (Contextualizing Period 1): Describe how Native Americans transformed their environments.

• Natives that lived in dry regions created irrigation systems.

• Natives that lived in forested regions used fire to clear land for agricultural purposes.

1.1 (Contextualizing Period 1): Within a century of the arrival of Columbus, who else had colonized the Americas?

1. Spanish

2. Portuguese

3. French

4. Dutch

5. English

1.1 (Contextualizing Period 1): What drove Europeans to establish colonies? Be specific about the motivations. - Religious Motivations

• Europeans were motivated by their desires to spread Christianity.

1.1 (Contextualizing Period 1): What drove Europeans to establish colonies? Be specific about the motivations - Economic Motivations

Europeans wanted to...

1. Discover an all-water route to Asia

2. Establish fur-trading posts

3. Operate gold/silver mines

4. Develop plantations

1.1 (Contextualizing Period 1): Describe the Columbian Exchange.

• It refers to the contact that Europeans and Natives shared which resulted in a transatlantic trade of animals, plants, and germs.

1.1 (Contextualizing Period 1): Why were enslaved Africans brought to the new world and why did European colonies depend on them?

• Enslaved Africans were brought to the new world by Europeans who depended on them for low-cost labor in order for them to work in mines (mining precious metals) and on plantations (agriculture).

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): How and when did early people arrive in the Americas? (use the word land bridge)

• About 10,000 to 40,000 years ago, people from Asia crossed a land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska in order to reach the Americas.

• Others also migrated southward from near the Artic Circle to the southern tip of South America.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): What was the native populations in the Americas by the 1490s?

50-100 million people

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of Central and South America - Maya: Location

• Rain forests of the Yucatán Peninsula (now known as Guatemala, Belize, Southern Mexico)

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of Central and South America - Aztec Empire: Location

• Mexico

• Central America

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of Central and South America - Aztec Empire: Capital/Population

• Tenochtitlán with a population of 200,000 people

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of Central and South America - Aztec Empire: Food Supply

• Maize (corn)

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of Central and South America - Inca Empire: Location

• Western South America (based in Peru)

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of Central and South America - Inca Empire: Food Supply

• Potatoes

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of Central and South America - All three empires developed highly __________ societies, carried on extensive __________ and created __________ based on scientific observations.

1. organized

2. trade

3. calendars

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Describe the tribes of North America by the arrival of Columbus.

• The tribes lived in semi-permanent settlements in groups rarely exceeding 300 people.

• In these groups, the men usually made tools and hunted for game (fun), while women usually went out to gather plants, nuts, or grew crops like maize, beans, and tobacco.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - What is the significance of maize?

• The nutrition from corn allowed for larger and more densely settled populations.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Why was the population of native societies in this region smaller than those in Mexico and South America?

• One reason can be attributed to how slowly the cultivation of maize spread into the North from Mexico.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Southwest Settlement: Location

• Dry region (New Mexico + Arizona)

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Southwest Settlement: What promoted economic growth and the development of irrigation?

• The spread of the cultivation of maize promoted economic growth and the development of irrigation systems.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Southwest Settlement: How/where did they live?

• They lived in caves, under cliffs, and in multistoried buildings.

• More wealth allowed for a more complex society with greater variations between social and economic classes.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Southwest Settlement: What were the causes of the downfall of these groups?

• Extreme drought and other hostile natives were the causes of their downfall by the time the Europeans arrived.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Northwest Settlement: Location

• They occupied land along the pacific coast, which ranged from Alaska to Northern California.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Northwest Settlement: How/where did they live?

• They lived in permanent longhouses/plank houses.

• Wet climate, lots of access to water

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Northwest Settlement: Diet

• Their rich diet was based off of hunting, fishing, and gathering nuts, berries, and roots.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Northwest Settlement: Totem Poles

• They would carve totem poles to help people remember stories, legends, and myths.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Northwest Settlement: What caused barriers to development in the Northwest Settlement?

• High mountain ranges that isolated tribes from each other created barriers to development.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Great Basin/Great Plains: Describe how the nomadic tribes survived.

• These tribes survived on hunting, specifically buffalos. They supplied the tribe with their food, decorations, crafting tools, knives, and clothing.

• People lived in tepees (frames of poles covered in animal skin) because they were easy to take apart and transport in a dry, arid climate.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Great Basin/Great Plains: Describe how the sedentary people lived.

• They hunted buffalo, but lived permanently in earthen lodges, often along rivers.

• They raised maize, beans, and squash while actively trading with other tribes.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Great Basin/Great Plains: How did horses change the way natives lived?

• By using horses, natives could more easily follow buffalo herds.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Mississippi River Valley: Location

• Woodland American Indians lived East of the Mississippi River.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Mississippi River Valley: Food Supply

• Their rich food supply relied on hunting, fishing, and agriculture (farming).

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Mississippi River Valley: How did the food supply impact the way people lived in this region?

• The food supply allowed people to establish permanent settlements in the Mississippi River Valley, Ohio River Valley, and elsewhere.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Mississippi River Valley: What is the Adena - Hopwell culture famous for?

• It is famous for its large earthen mounds as some are 300 ft long.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Mississippi River Valley: What is the significance of Cahokia?

• Cahokia was one of the largest settlements in the Midwest (East St. Louis today) with about 30,000 inhabitants.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Northeast Settlements: Location

• They spread from Ohio to New York.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Northeast Settlements: Combined hunting and __________

farming

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Northeast Settlements: Why did people have to move often?

• Their farming techniques exhausted the soil quickly, so people had to move frequently to find fresh land.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Northeast Settlements: Describe the Iroquois Confederation (what was it/who was involved? Where did they live?)

• Tribes that were living near the Great Lakes and New York (the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and later the Tuscaroras tribes) formed a powerful political union known as the Iroquois Confederation.

• They battled rival American Indians and Europeans from the 16th century to the American Revolution.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Northeast Settlements: Describe the Atlantic Seaboard Settlements.

• From New Jersey South to Florida lived the people of the Coastal Plains (Cherokee + Lumbee).

• Some were descendants of the Woodland mound builders that would build timber and bark lodgings along rivers.

• The rivers and the Atlantic Ocean provided a rich source of food.

1.2 (Native American Societies Before European Contact): Cultures of North America - Northeast Settlements: What pushed native cultures to develop widely different cultures?

• The natives development of widely different cultures were prompted by a variety of landforms and climate.

1.2 (ANALYSIS): How and why did various native populations in the period before European contact interact with the natural environment in North America?

• The native populations largely relied on hunting animals and gathering naturally grown foods, and farming for nutrition in their environment.

• They also interacted with their environments by developing irrigation systems and would burn forests to clear land.

• They also hunted animals for fun, food, shelter, and household use.

• They also would live in caves and under cliffs.

1.2 (ANALYSIS): Describe key differences between the societies in Central/South America and North America.

1. Societies in North America were smaller in terms of population and had less complex social structures

2. Societies in South America were highly organized

3. Natives in Central/South America were concentrated in three civilizations that developed empires and cities, while natives in North America settled according to geography in different settlements

1.2 (ANALYSIS): Describe key similarities between the societies in Central/South American and North America.

1. They both relied on crop use in some way.

2. They both took part in trade.

1.2 (ANALYSIS): In 1-2 sentences, connect your reading to the following theme: Geography and the Environment: (THINK - how did competition over and debates about natural resources shape the development of America and foster regional diversity? How did the development of America impact the environment and reshape its geography?) In what ways did Native Americans transform the environment prior to the arrival of Europeans?

• Depending on a tribe's needs and what resources were available around a tribe, there would be different adaptations made by different groups in order to survive.

• For example, if a tribe settled near a large body of water, their main source of food, would come from fishing.

• This would mean that environments around these tribes would also be impacted differently depending on a tribe's distinct systems and methods of adaptation for survival (fishing, hunting, farming, trading, gathering plants, and building).

1.2 (ANALYSIS): Identify where the various tribes we read about lived (in which region). Identify if that tribe/group was primarily hunter-gatherer/nomadic/permanent settlers/mix.

• Northeast: Adena-Hopewell (mix), Iriquois Confederation (mix)

• Subartic: Woodland Native Americans (mix)

• Great Plains/Great Basin: Lakotas (nomadic), Sioux (nomadic)

• California & Northwest: permanent settlers

• Southwest: Hohokami (permanent settlers), Anasazi (permanent settlers), Pueblos (permanent settlers), Aztecs (permanent settlers)

• Mesoamerica: Mayas (permanent settlers)

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): What developments brought the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Europe together?

• Religious and economic motives starting in the 1400s prompted Europeans to explore.

• Columbus' voyages brought these 2 parts of the world together.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): What group was the first to reach the Americas around the year 1000?

• Vikings from Scandinavia

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Changes in Thought and Technology - Define the Renaissance.

• A rebirth of classical learning, prompting an outburst of artistic and scientific activity in the 15th + 16th centuries

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Changes in Thought and Technology - List the advancements that made European exploration possible (and where they came from).

1. gunpowder > China

2. sailing compass > China

3. improvements in shipbuilding

4. improvements in mapmaking

5. printing press > Europe

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Religious Conflict - For centuries, what had dominated Western Europe?

• The Roman Catholic Church and its leader, the pope, dominated most of Western Europe.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Religious Conflict - What two groups threatened the power of the Catholic Church, and what were their religions?

• Ottoman Turks, who were Muslims, and rebellious Christians challenged the pope's authority.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Religious Conflict - Who were the Moors and what did they do?

• Moors were Islamic invaders from North Africa.

• They conquered most of what is now Spain in the 8th century.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Religious Conflict - Who united Spain and pushed out the Moor influence?

• Isabella (Queen of Castile) and Ferdinand (King of Aragon) united Spain when they married and were able to push out the Moor influence under their leadership.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Religious Conflict - Followers of the Roman Catholic faith were encouraged by what political developments?

1. uniting of Spain under Isabella and Ferdinand

2. the conquest of Granada (last Moorish stronghold in Spain)

3. launching of Columbus's voyage

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Religious Conflict - What was the Protestant Reformation?

• Certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other northern European countries revolted against the authority of the Pope in Rome in the early 1500s.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Religious Conflict - Where did Catholics and Protestants want to spread their religion?

• Africa

• Asia

• Americas

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Expanding Trade - What encouraged economic motives for exploration among Europeans?

• There was a fierce competition among European kingdoms for increased trade with Africa, India, and China.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Expanding Trade - Why did Europeans begin the search for a waterway to Asia?

• In 1453, Ottoman Turks seized control of the city of Constantinople that blocked Europe's land route to Asia (riches of the east), so they began searching for a new route to Asia (the route would be faster on water).

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Expanding Trade - Describe the significance of the following people: Prince Henry the Navigator

• Voyages of exploration sponsored by Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator succeeded in opening up a long sea route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Expanding Trade - Describe the significance of the following people: Vasco de Gama

• A Portuguese Sea Captain who was the first European to reach India in 1498 via the route opened by the voyages sponsored by Prince Henry the Navigator.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Expanding Trade - Why were slaves used off the African coast in the 15th century?

• Europeans used the enslaved workers on newly established sugar plantations because producing sugar was extremely profitable.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Expanding Trade - How did slaves resist slavery and how did they maintain aspects of their own culture?

• Slaves ran away, sabotaged work, or revolted.

• To maintain the African culture, they used music, religion, and folkways.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Developing Nation States - What was happening to small kingdoms in Europe in the 15th century?

• Small kingdoms united into larger kingdoms.

• EX> Castile and Aragon united to form the core of the modern country of Spain.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Developing Nation States - What was happening to larger multi-ethnic kingdoms in Europe?

• Multi-Ethnic empires were beginning to break up.

• EX> Most of the small states that united to form the modern country of Germany were once part of the Holy Roman Empire.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Developing Nation States - Define nation-state.

• Countries in which the majority of people shared both a common culture and a common loyalty toward a central government.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Developing Nation States - What did these new nation states depend on?

• The monarchs of the emerging nation states depended on trade to bring in needed revenues and on the church to justify their right to rule.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Dividing the Americas - Who were the first Europeans to claim land in the Americas? Why did they fight over this?

• Spain and Portugal were the first European kingdoms to claim land in the Americas, but their claims overlapped, leading to disputes.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Dividing the Americas - Describe the line of demarcations.

• The pope drew a vertical, north-south line on a world map, granting Spain all lands west of the line and Portugal all lands east of the line.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Dividing the Americas - Describe the Treaty of Tordesillas and its implications.

• In 1494, Spain and Portugal moved the Pope's line a few degrees to the west and signed a treaty.

• This treaty ultimately established Portugal's claim of Brazil, while Spain claimed the rest of the Americas.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): Dividing the Americas - Who got what in the Americas?

• The West coast and Florida belonged to Spain.

• English and Dutch claimed part of the East coast.

• The rest of the Americas belonged to France.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): England - Identify the following people and describe how they impacted England's claim to the new world: John Cabot

• An Italian sea captain who sailed under contract to England's King Henry VII.

• He explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497.

• England's earliest claims to territory in the Americas rested on his voyages.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): England - Identify the following people and describe how they impacted England's claim to the new world: Henry VIII

• He broke with the Roman Catholic Church, resulting in religious conflicts that preoccupied England.

• This rendered them unable to follow up on Cabot's new discoveries.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): England - Identify the following people and describe how they impacted England's claim to the new world: Elizabeth I

• Under Queen Elizabeth I, England challenged Spanish shipping in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in the 1570s and 1580s.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): England - Identify the following people and describe how they impacted England's claim to the new world: Sir Francis Drake

• Francis Drake attacked Spanish ships, seized the gold/silver that they carried, and attacked Spanish settlements on the coast of Peru.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): England - Identify the following people and describe how they impacted England's claim to the new world: Sir Walter Raleigh

• Walter Raleigh was an English adventurer who attempted to establish a colonial settlement at Roanoke Island off the North Carolina Coast in 1587, but the venture failed.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): France - French claims were based on exploration led by who?

• Italian navigator, Giovanni da Verrazzano + Jacques Cartier

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): France - Where did they each go and what were they looking for/exploring?

• Verrazzano explored part of North America's eastern coast, including the NY harbor, in hopes to find a northwest passage leading through the Americas to Asia.

• Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River extensively for the French to claim more American territory.

1.3 (European Exploration in the Americas): France - Why were the French slow to develop colonies in the Americas?

• During the 1500s, the French monarchy was preoccupied with European wars and internal religious conflict between Roman Catholics and French Protestants (Huguenots).

1.2 (ANALYSIS): What were the major causes of exploration and conquest of the New World by various European nations?

They were pushed by economic, religious, and political reasons:

1. Spreading faith

2. Competitive trade

3. Technological advancements from the Renaissance able to spread knowledge across Europe

4. Companies/kingdoms (joint-stock) wanted to profit off of new discoveries/new riches

1.2 (ANALYSIS): What was the impact of the Catholic victory in Spain and the European Reformation on North America?

• The Catholic victory directly lead to the launching of Columbus' voyages, which extended European contact/influence to Northern America.

• This lead to new leadership, hope, and power for Roman Catholic Europeans.

1.4 (The Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest): Christopher Columbus - Who financed the journey of Columbus?

Isabella + Ferdinand

1.4 (The Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest): Christopher Columbus - Why were many of his voyages disappointing?

• He found little gold, few spices, and no simple path to China and India.

1.4 (The Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest): The Columbian Exchange - What foods were introduced to Europe?

• Europeans were introduced to beans, corn, sweet/white potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco.

1.4 (The Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest): The Columbian Exchange - What was the impact of these new foods on Europeans?

• These food items transformed the diet of Europeans, touched off rapid population growth in regions from Ireland to West Africa to Eastern China, and the Europeans contracted a new disease, syphilis.

1.4 (The Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest): The Columbian Exchange - What foods and technologies were introduced to the Americas?

• Americans learned about sugar cane, bluegrasses, pigs, horses, the wheel, iron implements, and guns.

1.4 (The Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest): The Columbian Exchange - What was the impact of disease on American populations?

• Native Americans had no immunity to the germs and diseases brought by Europeans (smallpox & measles), so the native population declined rapidly in the first century after contact.

• EX> In Mexico, the native population declined from 22 million in 1492 to 4 million by the mid-16th century.

1.4 (The Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest): Rise of Capitalism - What factors encouraged trade in Europe?

1. population growth

2. access to new resources

1.4 (The Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest): Rise of Capitalism - Define feudalism and describe why it ended.

• A system in which monarchs granted land to nobles in exchange for military service.

• It ended because as trade increased, commerce became increasingly important and political power shifted to wealthy merchants from large landowners (Capitalism took its place).

1.4 (The Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest): Rise of Capitalism - Define Capitalism.

• An economic system in which control of capital (money and machinery) became most important than control of land.

1.4 (The Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest): Rise of Capitalism - Who held most political power after the rise of trade in Europe?

wealthy merchants

1.4 (The Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest): Rise of Capitalism - What is a joint-stock company?

• A business owned by a large number of investors.

1.4 (The Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest): Rise of Capitalism - Why were these companies developed?

• These companies were developed to finance trade voyages more safely because if a voyage failed, investors lost only what they had invested, so by reducing individual risk, joint-stock companies encouraged investment, which in turn promoted economic growth.

1.4 (ANALYSIS): Explain two perspectives on Columbus's role in the European expansion of the Americas.

1. Those hopeful for the return of new discoveries and the possible land claims that would follow (Europeans).

2. Those who are increasingly worried and angry about Europeans intruding onto their land (Native Americans).

1.4 (ANALYSIS): Briefly explain ONE specific cause which led to European colonization in the Americas during the 15th and 16th centuries.

• One specific cause would lie under economic motivations.

• EX> For example, Europeans wanted to establish colonies in the Americas for the purpose of developing plantations.

• This is important because while colonization pursued, they set up their plantations and sought after slaves for their labor force.

• As a result, they brought over slaves from Africa, which introduced many diseases to natives.

1.4 (ANALYSIS): Briefly explain ONE specific effect which resulted from European colonization in the Americas during the 15th and 16th centuries.

• One specific effect that resulted from new items that were introduced to Europeans from the Americas, was disease.

• For instance, these new items allowed for rapid European population growth and introduced new disease (Syphilis).

• This is significant because their colonization in the Americas allowed Europe to discover new things that they wouldn't have otherwise.

1.5 (Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonial System): List three reasons Spain was able to exert early dominance in the Americas.

1. Ambitious/skilled leaders (Ferdinand + Isabella)

2. Adventurous explorers/conquerors (Conquistadores)

3. Labor (provided by Indians + Enslaved Africans)