Unit 4 (skeletal system) quiz

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

Protection, support, movement, manufacturing, storage.

“Bearing the weight of the body” is what function of the skeletal system?

Support

“Joint provide movement for bones“ is what function of the skeletal system?

Movement

“Production of red and white bloods cells from red bone marrow
called hematopoiesis”, is what function of the skeletal system?

Manufacturing

Storing minerals to be released into the bloodstream
Storage of fat in yellow bone marrow, Is what function of the skeletal system?

Storage

Encasing essential organs,
ex: ribcage protects the heart and lungs from injury. What is function is this in the skeletal system?

Protection

Solid matrix of living cells and fibers surrounded by calcium deposits.

Bones

Examples:

1. *Skull bones* (e.g., frontal, parietal)

2. *Sternum* (breastbone)

3. Ribs

4. *Scapulae* (shoulder blades)

Definition: Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved bones that provide protection and surface area for muscle attachment.

Include the vertebrae, sacrum, and certain facial bones like the mandible and maxilla.

Irregular bones

1. Femur - Thigh bone

2. Tibia - Shin bone

3. Fibula - Calf bone

4. Humerus - Upper arm bone

5. Radius - Forearm bone (thumb side)

6. Ulna - Forearm bone (pinky side)

7. Metacarpals - Bones of the hand

8. Metatarsals - Bones of the foot

9. Phalanges - Finger and toe bones
   characterized by their length, with a shaft and two ends.

Long Bones

• Carpals (wrist bones)

• Tarsals (ankle bones)

• Some bones in the hands and feet

Short bones

• Patella (kneecap)

Sesamoid Bones

Long bones have how many regions?

2 regions

Shaft, Long part of the bone

Diaphysis

Ends of the bone

Epiphyses

What is the thin layer of internal cartilage between the epiphyses and the diaphysis?

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

The end of the epiphysis is covered by what?

Articular cartilage

Surrounds the epiphyses and provides smooth movements of joints and cushion from shock

Articular cartilage

The hollow cavity in the long bone is called?

Medullary cavity

The bone marrow in the medullary cavity produces what, and what is this process called.

Blood cells and hematopoiesis

What type of tissue is the outer layer of the bone made of, and what is it called?

Tough connective tissue, periosteum

The outer layer of the bone is the location and attachment of what?

Location of muscle and bone repair

what is the layer under the periosteum

Compact bone

Mature bone cells make up the majority of the bone structures

Osteocytes

What are canaliculi?

connects all bone cells allowing them to receive nutrients and remove waste

Line the haversian canals and the surfaces of the spongy and compact bone

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Break down bone

osteoclasts

Produce new bone

osteoblasts

The embryos skeleton is made up of ?

Cartilage

Spongy bone is a lattice of what?

Trabeculate

What is found between spaces of trabeculae?

Marrow or blood vessels

Compact bone is arranged in ______ called _____?

Cylinders, osteons

Osteons arranged in concentric circles called _______?

Lamellae

Lamellae surround ______?

Central (haversian) canal

The central (haversian canal) contain what?

Blood vessels and nerves

The central canals are connected by ________ canals running _______?

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal, perpendicular

The process incorporating calcium and minerals into cartilage is called?

ossification

As a child grows, tall columns of chondrocytes (cartilage cells) at the epiphyseal plate divide and then deteriorate as the matrix around them calcifies.  These cells are then known as…?

osteoblasts

secrete acid to enlarge the medullary cavity as the bone grows so that marrow is available for all cells

Osteoclasts

35% Osteoid (made of ground substance & collagen)

Provides the flexibility & tensile strength required to keep bones from constantly breaking.

Lack of collagen causes “Brittle Bone Disease”

organic composition of the bone

65% Mineral Salts

Crystalline salts made of hydroxyapatites

Ca₁₀(PO₄)(OH)₂

Provides bone strength & hardness.

Lack of hydroxyapatite causes “Rickets”

Inorganic composition of the bone

Are arranged in cylinders called osteons.

Compact bone

Are arranged in concentric cylinders called lamellae

osteons

Surround a central or haversian canal, contains blood vessels and nerves

Lamellae

Connected by perforating (Volkmann’s) canals running perpendicularly

Central canals

Osteoblasts are made from___ ?

Spongy bone

Think of bones as a ___ for calcium?

storage tank

How many hormones help regulate the amount of calcium in bones.

2

Calcitonin is produced from what gland?

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid hormone is produced from what gland?

Parathyroid gland

Blood enters the wound, cells begin to die phagocytes ingest dead bone cells and debris, is what step of the reparation of bone?

Step 1, Hematoma forms

Blood vessels grow. Cartilage forms to hold the bone together. This is what step of bone reparation?

Step 2, callus forms

Spongy bone forms to replace the cartilage. This is what step of bone reparation?

Step 3, callus ossifies

Osteoclasts form a large medullary cavity. Spongy bone is converted to compact bone. This is what step of bone reparation?

Step 4, compact bone forms

The vertebral column extends from the ____ to the ____.

skull, pelvis

Provides support and protects the spinal cord running through it.

Vertebral column

What allows for better balance and distribution of weight throughout the body.

Primar and secondary curvatures

What structural type of joint is

• Immovable or slightly movable

• held together by fibrous connective tissue

Fibrous joints

What structural type of joint is

• Immovable or slightly movable

• held together by cartilage

Cartilaginous joints

What structural type of joint is

• Highly movable

• Contains synovial fluid for frictionless movement

Synovial joint

Attach bones to joints

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Ligament

Connect muscle to bone

Tendon

Which joint has the function of

• Immovable

Synarthrotic

Which joint has the function of

• slightly movable

Amphiarthrotic

Which joints has the function of

• freely movable

• also called synovial

Diarthrotic