Studied by 0 people
August 4th, 1789
The National Assembly abolishes feudalism
Declaration of Pillnitz
A 1791 statement by Austria and Prussia declaring their support for the French monarchy and threatening intervention if the monarchy was threatened.
Day One, Year One
The start of the French Revolutionary calendar, marking the establishment of the First French Republic.
18th Brumaire
Napoleon Bonaparte’s coup d’etat on November 9, 1799, which led to his rise to power and the establishment of the Consulate.
Vendée
A region in France that became the site of a royalist uprising during the French Revolution, marked by violent conflict between revolutionary forces and royalist supporters.
cashiers des doleances
Documents listing grievances and demands presented by the French people to the Estates-General in 1789.
Third Estate
The common people of France, who were excluded from the privileges of the clergy and nobility, and played a crucial role in the French Revolution.
“Doubling the Third”
Refers to the alotment of 2 votes to the Third Estate in the Estates General to balance the interests of the common people with that of the clergy and nobility.
sans-culottes
Members of the radical working-class group in Paris during the French Revolution, known for wearing long trousers instead of the knee breeches of the upper classes, and advocating for popular republicanism.
Napoleon’s Concordat
An agreement between Napoleon and the Pope in 1801 that reestablished the Catholic Church in France, balancing state control with religious authority.
Georges Danton
A leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution, this person was known for his oratory skills and served as the first president of the Committee of Public Safety.
Robespierre
A prominent leader during the French Revolution, he was a key figure in the Reign of Terror and advocated for radical political and social reforms.
plebiscite
A direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal, often regarding constitutional changes or government decisions.
continental system
A foreign policy adopted by Napoleon to weaken Britain by closing European ports to British goods.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
A law passed in 1790 during the French Revolution that subordinated the Catholic Church in France to the French government, requiring clergy to be elected and paid by the state.
Tennis Court Oath
A pivotal event during the French Revolution in which members of the Third Estate vowed not to disband until a new constitution was established for France.
Thermidorian Reaction
A phase following the fall of Robespierre in 1794, characterized by the dismantling of radical policies and the re-establishment of moderate government.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
A fundamental document of the French Revolution, adopted in 1789, that outlined individual and collective rights, asserting principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Moderate Stage
The period of the French Revolution marked by a shift towards more moderate governance, leading to the establishment of the Directory and the end of radical measures.
Girondins
A political faction during the French Revolution that represented the interests of the bourgeoisie and advocated for a more moderate approach, opposing the radical Jacobins.
Great Fear
A period of panic and riot by peasants in France during the summer of 1789, driven by fears of an aristocratic conspiracy to suppress the Revolution.
Flight to Varennes
The attempted escape of King Louis XVI and his family from Paris in June 1791, which ultimately led to their capture and increased tensions between the monarchy and revolutionary forces.
Directory
The government of France from 1795 to 1799, characterized by a five-member committee that ruled following the National Convention and preceding the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Isaac Newton
An English mathematician and physicist, this person is known for formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which advanced the Scientific Revolution. (1643-1727)
Principia Mathematica
A work by Isaac Newton published in 1687 detailing the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Francis Bacon
An English philosopher and statesman who developed the scientific method and emphasized empirical evidence and experimentation.
Scientific Revolution
A period of significant advancements in scientific thought and methodology during the 16th and 17th centuries, characterized by the emergence of modern science.
Robert Boyle
An Irish chemist and physicist known for his work in chemistry and for Boyle's law, which describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of gas.
William Harvey
An English physician who made significant contributions to the understanding of blood circulation, demonstrating that blood circulates through the body in a closed system.
Galileo’s Trial
A landmark event in 1633 where Galileo Galilei was tried by the Roman Catholic Church for heresy due to his support of heliocentrism, challenging the geocentric view of the universe.
Robert Hooke
An English scientist who is best known for his work in microscopy and for Hooke's law, which describes the elasticity of materials.
Nicolaus Copernicus
A Renaissance astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe, suggesting that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun, fundamentally changing the understanding of celestial mechanics.
Three components of science
observation, experimentation, and analysis.
Royal Society
An institution founded in 1660 in England to promote scientific knowledge and inquiry, playing a key role in the development of modern science.
Kepler’s Astronomy
The study of planetary motion, formulated by Johannes Kepler, which includes his laws of planetary motion that describe the elliptical orbits of planets around the Sun.
Rene Descartes
A French philosopher and mathematician known for his contributions to rationalism and the development of Cartesian coordinates, emphasizing the importance of doubt and reason in the pursuit of knowledge.
Tyco Brahe
A Danish astronomer known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical observations, which laid the groundwork for Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
Aristotle & Ptolemy
Ancient philosophers who proposed the geocentric model of the universe, placing Earth at the center, which dominated Western thought until the Copernican revolution.
Ptolemaic system
The astronomical model that places Earth at the center of the universe, supported by Ptolemy and widely accepted until the heliocentric theory gained prominence.
philosophes
Intellectuals of the Enlightenment who advocated for reason, science, and individual rights, influencing political and social reform.
Deism
A philosophical belief in a rational deity who created the universe but does not intervene in its workings, emphasizing reason and observation over religious dogma.
Cesare Beccaria
An Italian philosopher and criminologist known for his works on criminal justice and the rights of individuals, advocating for the abolition of torture and the death penalty.
Baron d’Holbach
A French philosopher and prominent advocate of atheism, known for his materialist philosophy and critiques of religion.
Emile
A novel by Jean-Jacques Rousseau that outlines his ideas on education and the development of the individual in society.
Commercial Revolution
A period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism from the 11th to the 18th century, characterized by increased trade, the establishment of new trading companies, and the growth of a capitalist economy.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A Genevan philosopher and writer of the 18th century, this person is best known for his works on political philosophy and education, including his influential novel "Emile," which emphasizes natural education and the development of the individual.
Montesquieu
A French political philosopher known for his work "The Spirit of the Laws," which explored the separation of powers and influenced modern political thought.
Jane Austen
An English novelist known for her keen observations of early 19th-century British society, particularly regarding women's dependence on marriage for social standing and economic security.
Diderot
A French philosopher and writer, best known for co-editing the "Encyclopédie," which aimed to gather and disseminate knowledge and ideas of the Enlightenment.
Mozart
A prolific and influential composer of the Classical era, known for his symphonies, operas, and chamber music.
Enlightened Absolutism
A form of absolute monarchy influenced by the Enlightenment, where rulers implemented reforms to improve society while maintaining their royal authority.
Adam Smith
An economist and philosopher known for his work "The Wealth of Nations," which laid the foundations for classical economics and free market theory, challenging mercantilism
Free trade & markets
An economic policy that allows goods and services to be traded without government restrictions or tariffs, promoting competition and efficiency in the market.
Mary Wollstonecraft
An advocate for women's rights and education, known for her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman," which argued for equality and the importance of education for women.
Voltaire
A French Enlightenment writer and philosopher known for his advocacy of civil liberties, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state, as well as his criticism of established institutions.
Salons & coffeehouses
social gatherings for intellectual discussion and exchange of ideas during the Enlightenment.
Bougainville
A French explorer known for his voyages in the South Pacific and for being one of the first Europeans to explore the islands of Tahiti and the surrounding regions.
Immanuel Kant
A German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy, known for his work in epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics. He proposed the idea of the "categorical imperative" and emphasized the importance of reason in moral decision-making.
James I
Stuart King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1567-1625. Faced conflict with English Parliament and struggled to maintain authority while promoting the divine right of kings.
Oliver Cromwell
Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth (1653-1658) - unpopular due to his authoritarian rule and military dictatorship. After his death, Parliament restored the monarchy to Charles II.
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 to 1649, known for his conflicts with Parliament that led to the English Civil War. He was eventually executed for treason, marking a significant moment in the struggle between monarchy and parliamentary power.
James II
Stuart King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688, known for his Catholicism and conflict with Parliament, which led to the Glorious Revolution and his eventual exile.
Charles II
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1660 to 1685, known for his restoration of the monarchy after the English Civil War and for promoting religious tolerance.
Mercantilism
Economic theory that encourages government control of the economy to maximize exports and minimize imports, aiming to increase national wealth. Argues that there is a set amount of capital in the world.
Absolutism
A single ruler holds supreme authority
Louis XIV
King of France from 1643 to 1715. He centralized power, expanded French territory, and built the Palace of Versailles as a symbol of his reign. Major proponent of absolutism
Assault on Vienna
1683: Siege by the combined forces of the HRE and the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth against Vienna, resulting in a decisive defeat for the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty of Utrecht
A series of agreements signed in 1713 that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, redistributing territory among European powers and establishing a balance of power.
English Civil War
A series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists in England from 1642 to 1651, resulting in the trial and execution of King Charles I and the establishment of a Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.
English Bill of Rights
An act passed in 1689 that limited the powers of the monarchy and outlined the rights of Parliament and individuals, establishing principles of constitutional monarchy in England.
Glorious Revolution
1688: King James II of England is exiled to France. Parliament passes the English Bill of Rights, and William of Orange becomes king.
John Locke
An English philosopher whose ideas on government and natural rights influenced the Enlightenment and the American and French Revolutions. (1632-1704)
Thomas Hobbes
An English philosopher known for his social contract theory and his work "Leviathan," which argued for a strong central authority to avoid chaos and maintain order. (1588-1679)
Catherine the Great
Empress of Russia who expanded the empire and promoted Westernization and modernization reforms during her reign. (1729-1796)
Dutch Republic
A significant European power in the 17th century known for its trade, naval prowess, and cultural achievements, often referred to as the Golden Age of the Netherlands.
Peter the Great
Tsar of Russia (1682-1725) known for his extensive reforms that modernized the country and expanded its territory. First Emperor of all Russia.
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Dual Polish-Lithuanian state that existed from 1569 to 1795, and one of the largest and most populous European states at the time.
Versailles
The court of King Louis XIV, a symbol of absolute monarchy in France.
Colbert
French finance minister under Louis XIV, known for his policies that promoted mercantilism and economic reform.
Franco-Dutch War
A conflict between France and the Dutch Republic from 1672 to 1678, driven by territorial disputes and France's expansionist ambitions.
League of Augsburg
A coalition formed in 1686 among several European powers, including the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and Sweden, aimed at countering French expansion under Louis XIV.
Nine Years War
A conflict from 1688 to 1697 between France and a coalition of European powers, primarily over territorial disputes and the balance of power in Europe.
War of the Spanish Succession
Major European conflict from 1702 to 1715 over the throne of Spain. Louis XIV attempted a united France and Spain under his grandson, leading to a coalition of powers countering him (England, Austria, Prussia, Portugal).
Frederick the Great
The King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, known for his military victories, administrative reforms, and promotion of arts and philosophy.
Great Northern War
A conflict from 1700 to 1721 involving Russia, Denmark-Norway, and Poland against Sweden, over dominance in the Baltic Sea region.
the Fronde
A series of civil wars in France from 1648 to 1653, where nobles and commoners rebelled against royal authority, leading to the strengthening of the monarchy under Louis XIV.
the Reformation
A 16th-century religious movement that resulted in the establishment of Protestant churches and significant changes in the Catholic Church, initiated by figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin.
Martin Luther
A German monk and theologian who criticized the Catholic Church's practices, notably through his Ninety-Five Theses, and played a key role in the Protestant Reformation.
Justification by faith
The belief that faith in Jesus Christ alone is sufficient for salvation, a central tenet of Protestant theology.
Counter Reformation
A Catholic Church movement in response to the Protestant Reformation aimed at reforming church practices and reaffirming Catholic doctrine.
Elizabethan Settlement
The religious compromise established during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, which aimed to unify the Church of England and accommodate both Protestant and Catholic practices.
Protestantism
A branch of Christianity that originated from the Reformation, emphasizing salvation through faith alone and the authority of Scripture, and the importance of having a personal relationship with God
Church of England
The national church of England, formed during the Reformation, which broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church during the reign of Henry VIII, incorporating both Protestant and Catholic elements.
95 theses
A list of propositions for debate by Martin Luther, criticizing the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences, which sparked the Protestant Reformation.
Henry VIII
King of England from 1509 to 1547, known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church, primarily to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Calvinism
A Protestant theological system founded by John Calvin, emphasizing predestination, the sovereignty of God, and the authority of Scripture.
Council of Trent
A series of ecumenical councils held between 1545 and 1563, aimed at addressing issues of reform in the Catholic Church and clarifying Catholic doctrine in response to the Protestant Reformation.
Diet of Worms
An imperial diet held in 1521 where Martin Luther was summoned to defend his writings and beliefs before the Holy Roman Emperor.
Jesuit Order
A religious order founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola, known for its educational, missionary, and charitable works, and commitment to the Catholic Church.
Index of Prohibited Books
A list published by the Catholic Church starting in 1559, prohibiting the reading of certain books deemed heretical or contrary to the teachings of the Church.
Note 
Flashcard (24)