APUSH PERIOD 6

Detailed flashcards so you don't upset mommy and get a 1.

Mechanization

Farming was done more with machines than human bodies, such as the mechanical reaper and the combine harvester.

National Grange Movement

Organized in 1868, brought farmers together to fight against all the changes in farming.

Commerce Act of 1886

Required railroad rates to be reasonable and just, and created the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Pacific Railroads Act

Granted land to railroad companies to build transcontinental railroads.

Homestead Act of 1862

Granted potential migrants 160 acres of land in the west on the condition that they farm and settle it.

Boomtown

Towns that had a great boost in population, usually from people migrating for gold in the west.

The Significance of the Frontier in American History

Written by Frederick Jackson Turner, argued that the closing of the frontier was a cause of worry.

Reservation Systems

Forced Natives into certain pieces of land with strict boundaries.

Sioux Wars

Native resistance to reservation systems and being pushed into restricted land.

Indian Appropriation Act

Ended federal recognition of Indian sovereignty and nullified all previous treaties.

Dawes Act

Divided reservation land to be farmed by Indians in exchange for citizenship and assimilation.

Assimilationist Movement

Attempt to end distinct Indian cultures through education and Christianization.

Ghost Dance Movement

Belief that participating in this dance would bring back ancestors to fight Americans.

Laissez-faire

Economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in business and markets.

Henry Grady

Wrote editorials envisioning a “New South” with economic diversity and laissez

Plessy v. Ferguson

Court case that upheld racial segregation under “separate but equal.”

Jim Crow laws

Segregation laws separating Black and white people in public spaces.

Ida B. Wells

Fought against lynching and Jim Crow laws.

Henry Turner

Founded the International Migration Society to help Black people migrate to Africa.

Booker T. Washington

Believed Black people should be economically self

Transcontinental Railroad

Connected distant parts of the U.S., boosting transportation and commerce.

Henry Bessemer

Patented a process to make higher

Coal

Major source of energy for industrialization.

Telegraph

Invented by Samuel Morse, allowed rapid communication across the U.S.

John D. Rockefeller

Owned Standard Oil, controlled 90% of the oil industry.

Horizontal integration

When one company buys out its competitors to eliminate competition.

Andrew Carnegie

Dominated the steel industry.

Vertical integration

When a company controls every part of production and distribution.

Social Darwinism

Justified monopolies as survival of the fittest in business.

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie’s idea that the rich have a duty to give back to society.

Conspicuous Consumption

Lavish spending by the wealthy to show off status.

Labor Unions

Groups of workers uniting to fight for better wages and conditions.

The Great Railroad Strike

National strike after wage cuts; led to over 100 deaths.

Pullman Strike

Strike in response to wage cuts by George Pullman during an economic crisis.

Knights of Labor

Inclusive national labor union open to all workers.

Haymarket Square Riot

Violent labor protest that led to public backlash against the Knights of Labor.

American Federation of Labor

Union of skilled workers with similar goals to the Knights of Labor.

Immigration

Moving from one country to another.

Migration

Moving within the same country.

Tenements

Poorly built and overcrowded housing for immigrants.

Exoduster Movement

Mass migration of Southern Black people to the West.

Colored Relief Board

Helped Black people migrate to Northern cities.

Kansas Freedmen’s Aid Society

Assisted Black people in moving from the South to the North.

American Protective Association

A nativist organization founded in 1887 that opposed immigration, particularly of Catholics and foreigners. It aimed to influence policy and promote Protestant values in American society.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Banned Chinese immigration to the U.S, to prevent labor competition and protect American jobs.

Settlement Houses

Helped immigrants assimilate and access opportunities.

Jane Addams

Established settlement houses for immigrants.

White Collar Workers

Middle class workers in managerial or professional jobs.

Phoebe Apperson Hearst

Promoted education for the poor, inspired by Carnegie.

Single Tax

Henry George’s idea to heavily tax landowners whose wealth came from land value.

Looking Backward

Novel by Edward Bellamy imagining a future without capitalism.

Socialism

Belief that society should own and regulate production for equality.

Social Gospel

Applying Christian values to address social problems.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Founded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to fight for women's voting rights.

Women’s Christian Temperance Movement

Fought alcohol abuse, linking it to poverty.

Carrie Nation

Radical temperance activist known for smashing alcohol bottles with a hatchet.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Oversaw railroad regulation, but had little real power.

Patronage

Rewarding political supporters with jobs and contracts.

Civil Service

Government jobs earned by merit, not political connections.

Pendleton Act of 1881

Replaced patronage with exams for federal jobs.

Gold Standard

Currency backed only by gold to prevent inflation.

Protective Tariff

Taxes on imports to protect American businesses, often hurting consumers and farmers.

Populist Party

Political movement for the working class, opposed banks and big corporations.

Omaha Platform

Populist plan calling for direct senator elections, income tax, and labor reforms.

Political Machines

Groups that controlled votes to maintain political power.