Namikas final exam 2051

true or false: over the 2 million years, global temperatures have not fluctuated significantly

true or false: over the 2 million years, global temperatures have not fluctuated significantly

false

Glacial-interglacial cycles during the Pleistocene are thought to be related to temperature fluctuations associated with

Alpine Glaciers

which of the following would not be considered part if the cyrosphere?

none of the above

90% of the Earth's glaciers are found where?

Antartica

true or false: new global ice forms mainly in the ablation zone of the glacier

False

the icy pellets orgranules that form as an intermediate stage between snow and glacial ice are known as _____________

Firn

glacial ice forms ______________

stagnant

a glacier in which mass losses due to melting, are just balanced by the formation of new ice is said to be ____________________

above the snow line

true or false: global erosion is similar to that caused by the wind in that abrasion and deflation are the major processes involved

false

the flow of glacial ice results from __________

basal slip and internal deformation

river valleys that have been glaciated can be recognized by their characteristic ________________

u-shaped cross section

the sharp, jagged mountain peaks formed by glacial erosion are called ___________

horns

true or false: sediment that has been laid down directly by glacial ice tends to be sorted into layers of different sizes

false

terminal moraines are composed of _________

till

the sinuous ridges of sediment mark the former location of meltwater streams on, or within, the glacial ice are known as ______________

eskers

the layer of soil that thaws out annually in an area underlain by permafrost is know as the ________ layer

active

what does longitude mean when on the prime meridian?

east to west

the biggest form of the crust is the ____________

lithosphere

true or false: longshore currents occur in the swash zone

false

this kind of eruption has low viscosity, has a soft and non-violent eruption, magic magma, and is usually shield volcanos

effusive eruption

this kind of eruption has high viscosity, has a violent eruption, felsic magma, and is usually composite volcanos

explosive eruption

point on earth's surface that is right directly above the facial point; where the most energy is being released

epicenter

what form of weathering is oxidation?

chemical weathering

what form of weathering is exfoliation?

physical weathering

what are the climates for physical and chemical weathering?

1) physical weathering= dry, cool temps
2) chemical weathering= wet, humid temps

mutual force exerted by masses of an object's attraction to another

gravity

rocks that are formed through cooling magma

igneous rocks

what requires testing?

theory

reduce levels of wave energy acting on the coastline so it will reduce of erosion or redirects the path of the sediment is moved along; it reduces or eliminates the loss of sediment

hard shoreline protection

tries to work with the natural systems to mimic the systems already there like adding sand and replace materials that were lost to erosion

soft shoreline protection

series of changes in the wave as the sediment begins to move

wave shoaling

high part of wave

wave crest

low part of wave

wave trough

term for the difference between 2 successive wave crests and troughs

wave length

term for the special distribution of living organisms

biogeography

neap tide occurs every_______

2 weeks

The study of relationships between organisms and their environment and among the various ecosystems in the biosphere

ecology

Some energy is lost and degraded into non-useful forms; energy that is lost at each trophic level on average is 10% of the energy consumed at one trophic level and is passed to the next

10% rule

what of earth's gases are macronutrients?

nitrogen

how do humans alter the carbon cycle?

global warming

how do humans alter the nitrogen cycle

dentrification

total amount of energy plants create

Gross primary Productivity

the biosphere is a ________ system

open

intermolecular attraction; water molecules stick together; resisting force caused by water

cohesion

term for crescent shaped, horns point downward, low sediment supply, unidirectional

barchan

breakwaters

protect the coast from the force of waves

structure is supposed to reduce wave levels and currents so there will be less sediment transport or to redirect sediment transport

coastal erosion

it is the innermost layer that can be subdivided; hottest part; inner core is solid iron and outer core is molten iron

core

refers to build up of toxic materials in organisms, usually in fatty tissues

bioaccumulation

very sharp (knife like) ridges that formed from the cirque carving into a river valley on the side of a mountain

arete

tsunamis are related to...

earthquake

Lowest high tide occurs because only the lunar tidal bulge is acting on that side
Highest low tide occurs where only the solar tidal bulge is acting on it.

neap tides

moraine that marks the end of a glacier; curves convexly down the valley and may extend up the sides of lateral mountains

terminal moraine

the point above which snow and ice cover the ground throughout the year

snowline zone

ablation zone

below snowline

true or false: more water falls on the earth's surface than evaporates?

false

the hydrological cycle is driven by

solar energy

beach between high tide and low tide

foreshore

what is exposed as breaking waves wash up and down the beach

swash zone

shoaling transformation

length, height, steepness

true or false: rivers carry water from the ocean inland to complete the hydrological cycle

false

as water moves through a drainage basin, the term "infiltration" refers to

precipitation of water into the soil

urban development in a drainage basin will tend to cause the lag time btw a precipitation event and peak flood discharge to...

decrease

the only transport mode found in streams that doesn't occur in the aeolian transport

solution

on barrier islands, the ocean beach tends to be _________ and ________than the bay side of a beach

wider, flatter

the final stage of coral reef development, characterized by a ring of coral surrounding an open lagoon

atoll stage

true or false: although some ares such as LA are undergoing rapid coastal land loss, the majority of the US is not undergoing erosion

false

volcanic island arcs form along convergent zones where __________and ________________plates are colliding

oceanic, oceanic