STRONGYLIDA : ANYCLOSTOMATIDAE

Why is the family Ancylostomatidae commonly referred to as "hookworms"?

Their anterior end is bent dorsally, giving them a hook-like appearance.

What is the primary feeding habit of hookworms in the host's body?

They are voracious blood-suckers.

In which part of the host's body do hookworms typically reside?

The small intestines.

Hookworms lack leaf crowns but possess chitinous _ or plates on the ventral margin of the mouth.

teeth

What morphological feature is present on the posterior end of male hookworms?

A well-developed copulatory bursa.

What type of life cycle is characteristic of the family Ancylostomatidae?

A monoxenous life cycle.

What is the infective stage of a hookworm?

The $L3$ larva.

What is the main mode of infection for hookworms?

Skin penetration by infective $L3$ larvae.

Which species is known as the largest within the genus Ancylostoma?

Ancylostoma caninum.

What condition can $L3$ hookworm larvae cause in humans when they penetrate the skin?

Cutaneous larval migrans.

How many pairs of teeth are found on the ventral margin of the Ancylostoma caninum buccal capsule?

Three pairs.

What are the definitive hosts for Ancylostoma caninum?

Canids, including dogs and wild canids.

What is the approximate length of a male Ancylostoma caninum?

Approximately $1.2\text{ cm}$.

What is the approximate length of a female Ancylostoma caninum?

Approximately $2\text{ cm}$.

What type of egg is shed in the feces of a host infected with hookworms?

A strongyle-type egg.

Where are the free-living stages of hookworms typically found?

In moist soil.

After penetrating the skin, through which system do $L3$ larvae travel to reach the heart?

The bloodstream.

In the Ancylostoma caninum life cycle, where do $L3$ larvae go after leaving the bloodstream to reach the trachea?

They enter the bronchi of the lungs.

Into which stage do $L3$ larvae molt once they reach the bronchi?

The $L4$ larval stage.

How do $L4$ larvae reach the digestive tract from the respiratory system?

They travel up the trachea and are swallowed.

What is the final developmental progression of hookworms in the small intestine?

The $L4$ larvae molt into $L5$, which then develop into adults.

Ancylostoma caninum $L3$ larvae migrate to the muscular layer of the _ during intrauterine transmission.

uterus

True or False: Ancylostoma caninum larvae pass through the placenta to reach puppies.

False, they do not pass through the placenta.

How are A. caninum larvae transferred to puppies during lactation?

Via transmammary transmission from the mammary glands.

During transmammary transmission, A. caninum larvae migrate to which two primary locations in the mother?

Abdominal muscles and mammary glands.

How many teeth are located on the ventral margin of Ancylostoma tubaeforme?

Three teeth.

Which Ancylostoma species primarily targets felids?

Ancylostoma tubaeforme.

Which Ancylostoma species is specifically known for its thicker cuticle?

Ancylostoma duodenale.

What is the tooth morphology of Ancylostoma braziliense?

One small inner tooth and one large outer tooth.

Which hosts are targeted by Ancylostoma braziliense?

Wild canids and felids.

What is the tooth morphology of Ancylostoma ceylanicum?

One large inner tooth and one large outer tooth.

Which hookworm species infects humans, canids, and felids?

Ancylostoma ceylanicum.

Which Ancylostoma species targets humans and other primates?

Ancylostoma duodenale.

Which hookworm genus is characterized by having two ventral plates instead of teeth?

Necator or Uncinaria.

What is the definitive host for Necator americanus?

Humans.

Which hookworm genus infects wild canids and felids but has no intrauterine or transmammary transmission?

Uncinaria.

Which species is identified as Uncinaria stenocephala's primary host group?

Wild canids and felids.

What complex morphological structures are found in the buccal capsule of the genus Bunostomum?

Two dorsal plates, subventral lancets, and a dorsal tooth.

How many ventral plates are found in the genus Necator?

Two ventral plates.

What pathological effect does Ancylostoma caninum have on the mucosa of the small intestines?

It causes hemorrhage and ulcerations.

What is "bottle jaw" in the context of hookworm infection?

Edema of the intermandibular region.

What is the underlying cause of "bottle jaw" in hookworm-infected animals?

Anemia leading to hypoproteinemia and increased edema formation.

Which larval stage of the hookworm is free-living in the environment?

Stages $L1$ and $L2$.

How long is the typical pre-patent period (egg shedding in feces) for A. caninum?

Two to three weeks.

Besides skin penetration, what is another entry route for hookworm larvae through the mouth?

Buccal mucosa penetration.

How do puppies typically acquire A. caninum during the whelping process?

Via skin penetration.

Which hookworm genus is associated with the presence of subventral lancets?

Bunostomum.

Ancylostoma ceylanicum is known to infect humans, wild _, and wild felids.

canids

Which hookworm species targeting humans has two teeth on its ventral margin and a thick cuticle?

Ancylostoma duodenale.

Which genus contains the species Bunostomum trigonocephalum?

Bunostomum.

True or False: Necator americanus can cause cutaneous larval migrans in humans.

True.

What is the parasitic site (PS) for all members of the family Ancylostomatidae?

The small intestine (SI).

What describes the shape of the anterior end of an Ancylostomatidae nematode?

Bent dorsally.

Are leaf crowns present in the buccal capsule of hookworms?

No, they are absent.

The free-living phase of the hookworm life cycle is described as being _.

pre-infective

In hookworms, the $L4$ larva travels up the _ before being swallowed.

trachea

Which hookworm genus infects ruminants and is distinguished by two dorsal plates?

Bunostomum.

What anatomical feature allows hookworms to firmly attach to the host's intestinal wall?

A well-developed buccal capsule with teeth or plates.

Does Ancylostoma caninum infect humans as a definitive host?

No, it causes cutaneous larval migrans but canids are the definitive hosts.

The male hookworm is often called a _ worm because of its posterior copulatory structure.

bursate

In the environment, $L1$ and $L2$ hookworm larvae develop into the _ stage.

$L3$ (infective)

Which species is specifically mentioned as the "Canine hookworm"?

Ancylostoma caninum.

Hypoproteinemia in hookworm disease leads to the formation of _.

edema

Which hookworm genera possess ventral plates rather than teeth?

Necator and Uncinaria.

Where does the maturation from $L4$ to adult hookworms occur?

The small intestine.

Are hookworms considered monoxenous or heteroxenous parasites?

Monoxenous.

Which larval stage enters the bloodstream after skin penetration?

The $L3$ stage.