Bio 103 - Chapter 1 EXAM

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in a living system used for Energy Production and Nutrient Cycling

Requirements of Organisms

water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure

Characteristics of Life

movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, metabolism

Subatomic Particles

Electrons, Protons, Neutrons

Atom

composed of subatomic particles

Molecule

particles consisting of atoms joined together

Macromolecule

large particles consisting of molecules

Cell

basic unit of structure and function

Organelle

functional part of a cell

Tissue

layer or mass of cells with specific function

Organ

group of different tissues with a function

Organ System

group of organs with common function

Organism

composed of organ systems interacting

Cell Examples

muscle cell, nerve cell, blood cell

Tissue Examples

connective, epithelial, muscle, nerve

Organ Examples

skin, femur, heart, kidney

Organism Example

HUMAN

Subatomic Particle Examples

proton, neutron, electrons

Atom Examples

hydrogen atom, lithium atom

Molecule Examples

water molecule, glucose molecule

Macromolecule Examples

protein, DNA

Organelle Examples

Mitochondrion, Nucleus, Golgi apparatus

Anatomy

The study of body structure

Physiology

The study of body function

Ultrasound

High Frequency sound waves to provide images of soft internal structures

Magnetic Resonance Scan

High Resolution images for internal structures, such as the brain

Internal Environment

environment within the body

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

interdependency of cells

cells depend on each other

Structure and Function

depend on each other

Gradients and Permeability

Cells move from high to low, down pressure and concentration gradients, across permeable membranes

Cellular Differentiation

specialization of cells due to gene expression

Cell Membrane Mechanisms

Determine entry of substances, responds to signals

cell to cell communication

via membrane receptors

Feedback Loops

homeostatic mechanisms for stability

Balance

Replacement of lost substances, elimination of excesses

Energy Processes

Keeps cells active

Homeostatic Mechanisms

self-regulating systems that monitor internal environment

Homeostatic System

receptor, control center, effector

Receptor

detects and provides information about the stimuli

Control Center

decision-maker that maintains the set point

Effector

muscle or gland that responds to the control center, and causes the necessary change

Negative Feedback

is when a variable triggers a counteracting response in order to keep homeostasis

Positive Feedback

variable Treffers MORE of the variable

Example of Positive Feedback

Child birth contractions

Examples of Negative Feedback

body temperature, blood pressure, glucose regulation

Human body consists of 2 main portions

axial portion and appendicular portion

Serous Membranes 2 layers

visceral layer and parietal layer