Lecture 16: Glasserella, Avibacterium, Gallibacterium, Ornithobacterium, and Strepobacillus moniliformis

Glasserella parasuis is a commensal bacteria of the porcine ___

Upper Respiratory Tract (URT)

Glasserella parasuis requires what to grow?

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD, Factor V)

What are the Virulence factors of Glasserella parasuis?

1. Capsule

2. LOS (Lipooligosaccharides)

T/F: Glasserella parasuis is devoid of LPS

True

Glasserella parasuis typically infects what age of pigs?

• Post Weaning young animals (4-8 weeks old)

• Naive adults and pigs with weak immunity 

Peracute infections of Glasserella parasuis can result in septicemia or ______

Death

What factors can pre-dispose a pig to Glasserella parasuis?

• Weaning

• Transport

• Stress

• Poor Management

What is Glässers disease? 

• Infection in pigs caused by Glaesserella parasuis

  • Causes inflammation of the body's cavities, joints, and brain

  • Polyserositis, polyarthritis, meningitis

Polyserositis is inflammation with fluid buildup in two or more serous membranes, such as the pleura (around the lungs), pericardium (around the heart), and peritoneum (around the abdomen)

What are the C.S associated with Glasserella parasuis (Glasser’s Disease)?

• High fever (41.5°C/106.7°F)

• Severe fibrosis of thoracic/peritoneal cavities

• Fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis, meningitis

• Fibrinous exudate on the serosa

  • Increased amount of fluid 

Which 2 bacterium require NAD factor to grow?

1. Glasserella parasuis

2. Avibacterium paragallinarum

What are 2 unique factors important to Avibacterium paragallinarum?

1. NAD (Factor V)

   1. Needs this factor to grow

2. Haemagglutinin

   1. Attachment factor

Avibacterium paragallinarum is a commensal of the _________

Oro-nasopharynx

Avibacterium paragallinarum causes _______ ____ in chickens, briefly describe this disease

• Infectious coryza

  • It is an acute, contagious, respiratory disease

Avibacterium paragallinarum primarily infects what age of chickens?

Pullets and Laying Hens

What are the C.S associated with Avibacterium paragallinarum?

• Swelling of the infraorbital sinus

• Nasal discharge

• Sneezing

Which animal does Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) infect?

• Turkeys

• Chickens

What is the main Attachment factor of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)? What does it attach the bacteria to?

• Hemagglutinin

• It attaches ORT to the ciliated epithelium of airsacs

What are the C.S associated with Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT)?

• Mild-Severe respiratory conditions

• High mortality rates

• Airsacculitis

• Worst in Turkeys

Where is Gallibacterium antis found?

• Birds

• URT and Lower Genital tracts

T/F: Gallinbacterium anatis is NAD-dependent but V-factor independent

True

What are the characteristics of Streptobacillus moniliformis?

1. Gram _

2. Shape?

3. Respiratory pattern?

4. MOtility?

1. Gram -

2. Rod Shaped

3. Facultative anaerobe

4. Non-motile

Streptobacillus moniliformis is a resident of the ____________ of which species?

• Naso-oropharynx

• Rodents and possibly cats

What are the clinical syndromes of Streptobacillus moniliformis in each of these species?

1. Turkeys

2. Non-human primates

3. Humans

1. Septicemia, arthritis, otitis media, hepatitis, abortion

2. Caused by rat bites

   1. Polyarthritis, Synovitis

3. Humans

   1. Rat bite fever

      1. Caused by a rat bite (no shit)

   2. Haverhill fever

      1. Caused by the consumption of contaminated food and water

Streptobacillus moniliformis is a bacteria of rats and is spread via ___ ____

Rat bites (in most cases)

What are the main examples of Gram-negative, non-spore forming anaerobes?

1. Fusobacterium necrophorum

2. Dichelobacter nodosus

3. Bacterioides fragilis

4. Porphyromonas levii

5. Prevotella spp.

Gram-negative, non-spore forming anaerobes are _______ pathogens

• opportunistic

  • ie, they cause infections only when a situation presents itself 

These are Bacteroides; they work synergistically and are anaerobes (they live inthe Oral+GIT(think there isn’t much oxygen in the GIT so they have to be anaerobic))

A characteristic of Gram-negative, non-spore forming anaerobes is that they produce _____ _____ _____ which results in rancid odor

• Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)

  • Ex: Butyric acid

T/F: The important Gram-negative, non-spore forming anaerobes are not aerotolerant, and will die if exposed

False, they are aerotolerant (don’t use oxygen but can survive in its presence)

What happens when Gram-negative, non-spore-forming anaerobes infect an animal at the same time?

They work together and are synergistic pathogens

The most common form of infection of Gram-negative, non-spore forming anaerobes is ________

Abscess

Gram-negative, non-spore-forming anaerobes produce a very important product via anaerobic metabolism, what is it and what effects does it have on animals?

• Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)

  • Lactic Acid

  • Butyric acid

• Inflammatory and cytotoxic effects

What are the characteristics of Fusobacterium necrophorum

• Gram _

• Motility?

• Shape?

• Which VFA does it produce?

• Unique features?

• Gram - 

• Nonmotile

• Short to filamentous rods with tapering ends

• Butyric Acid

• Rancid butter odor 

What is the main virulence factor of Fusobacterium necrophorum?

Leukotoxin (primarily targets and kills leukocytes (white blood cells), which impairs the immune system's ability to fight infection)

Fusobacterium necrophorum is a major pathogen of ______

Fusobacterium necrophorum causes ______ disease conditions (aka ___________), describe some of these conditions

• Necrotic (Necrobacillosis)

• Conditions

  • Liver

    • Hepatic Abscesses

  • Feet

    • Foot rot

  • Mastitis

  • Uterus

    • Fetid discharge (red-brown color)

    • Only occurs first 2 weeks post-partum

Fusobacterium necrophorum has a synergism with which other bacteria? What diseases does this synergy cause?

• Truperella pyogenes

  • Liver abscesses

  • Foot rot

  • Metritis (Inflammation of the uterus)

What specific complex does Fusobacterium necrophorum cause in cattle?How does it occur?

• Rumenitis-liver abscess complex (hepatic necrobacillosis)

  • It affects both the rumen and liver

  • Caused synergy between T. pyogenes and F. necrophorum

• MOA

  • Feed with high level of carbohydrates 

  • Production of lactic acid (by T. pyogenes) increases the acidity of the rumen, resulting in rumenitis

  • Rumenitis leads to necrosis of the rumen wall 

  • Bacteria invade the portal circulation and make their way into the liver

What disease does Fusobacterium necrophorum cause in the oral tract of calves?

• Necrotic Laryngitis (Calf Diphtheria)

  • It infects cattle up to 3 years old

How does an calf get Calf Diphtheria (Necrotic Laryngitis)

Endogenous infection through an abrasion in the mucosa of the pharynx and larynx due to ingestion of coarse feed

What are some key indicators/signs of Necrotic Laryngitis of calves?

• Fetid breath (stank ass breath)

• Oral erosions, ulcers, abscesses

• Fever, depression, anorexia, salivation

• Painful swallowing/cough

What disease does Fusobacterium necrophorum cause in the hooves of cattle?

• Foot Rot/Interdigital Necrobacillosis

  • Major cause of lameness in dairy/beef cattle

  • Timeframe

    • Initially a mild cellulitis and swelling between the digits

    • Develops into fissures/scabs and becomes purulent

    • Develops into an abscess

What are the main diseases that Fusobacterium necrophorum causes in animals?

1. Cattle

   1. Rumenitis-Liver abscess complex (hepatic necrobacillosis)

   2. Necrotic Laryngitis (Calf Diphtheria)

   3. Foot Rot, Interdigital necrobacillosis

2. Horses

   1. Thrush of the hoof

T/F: Fusobacterium necrophorum can be isolated in an Aerobic culture

False, Fusobacterium necrophorum is Anaerobic

What disease does Fusobacterium necrophorum cause in the hooves of horses?

• Thrush of the hoof

  • Infection of the epidermal tisue of the frog of the horse’s hoof

  • Characterized by a Foul smell

What predisposes horses to Thrush (F. necrophorum)?

• Wet Conditions

• Poor hygiene 

• Lack of regular cleaning

Why do abscesses smell so bad?

Volatile Fatty Acids

What are the characteristics of Dichelobacter nodosus?

• Gram _

• Shape

• Gram -

• Rods with terminal swellings (Dumbell shaped)

Which animal is the carrier for Dichelobacter nodosus?

Sheep

What are the Virulence Factors for Dichelobacter nodosus?

1. Type IV fimbriae

   1. Used for attachment

   2. Give the bacteria “Twitching mobility“

2. Proteases

   1. Degrade tissue matrix

What disease does Dichelobacter nodosus cause?

Foot Rot, Interdigital Necrobacillosis (Similar to F. necrophorum)

How is Dichelobacter nodosus diagnosed?

• Distinctive lesion

• Odor

• Anaerobic culture 

What is the relationship between Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum?

• They work together to cause foot rot

  • Dichelobacter nodosus is the primary pathogen

  • Fusobacterium necrophorum is the secondary opportunistic pathogen that worsens the severity of the disease

Bacterioides cause ___________ ______ and soft tissue infection

intraabdominal abscesses

Some strains of Bacteroides produce an enterotoxin that can cause diarrhea in large/farm animals, what is the name of these strains?

Enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF)

What does the Enterotoxin (produced by Bacteroides) Fragilysin/B. fragilis toxin do?

Cause fluid secretion, bacterial internalization in enterocytes

_________ and ________ are frequently isolated anaerobes from dog and cat bite wounds

Prophyromonas and Prevotella

What disease does Porphyromonas levii cause?

Summer mastitis in cattle

Prophyromonas and Prevotella causes __________ disease in sheep, which can result in “______ ____“

• Periodontal disease

• Broken Mouth 

T/F: Members of Pasteurellaceae are often commensals of oro-nasopharynx.

True

T/F: Avibacterium paragallinarum is a fastidious organism.

True

Polyserositis in pigs is caused by ------- and the disease is called as --------------

• Glasserella parasuis

• Glässer’s Disease

The characteristic sign of infectious coryza is ------------

Acute, contagious, respiratory infections in chickens

T/F: Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale causes severe bronchopneumonia in turkeys.

True

T/F: Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale is highly pleomorphic gram-negative rod.

True

T/F:Rat bite fever in humans is caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis

True

T/F: Gram-negative anaerobic rods cause opportunistic infections in their hosts.

True

Synergism between ----- and ----------leads to pyonecrotic lesions in liver of cattle

T. pyogenes and F. necrophorum

T/F: Foul smelling abscess and discharge in large animals suggest site infection with-----

Fusobacterium necrophorum

List three diseases caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum

1. Rumenitis-liver abscess complex (Hepatic necrobacillosis)

2. Calf Diphtheria

3. Thrush of the hoof 

Grain overload in cattle predisposes the animal to which pathological condition?

Rumenitis-liver abscess complex (Hepatic necrobacillosis)

Synergism between --- and ---------- causes foot rot in sheep.

Dichelobacter nodules and Fusobacterium necrophorum

Twitching motility due to type IV fimbriae occurs in which gram-negative anaerobic rod?

Dichelobacter nodules (Bc the dicks lift dumbells (shape of bacteria) and their muscles twitch (type IV fimbriae))

T/F: Foot rot is managed by copper sulfate foot baths and vaccination.

True

T/F: Bacteroides fragilis causes abscesses in internal organs and diarrhea

True

T/F: Porphyromonas levii is isolated from mastitis cases in cattle

True

T/F: Porphyromonas & Prevotella spp. are found in mixed infections of foot rot

False, it is known to cause periodontal disease in sheep or mastitis in cattle