Module 8 Speech and Communications

Ethics

the specific moral choices we make

3 areas of Ethical Consideration for Speakers

-1 Topic Selection

-2 Research

-3 Language

Ethical Obligations of an Audience

-1 Listen well

-2 Keep an open mind

-3 Pay attention

Steps to listen well

-Listen to understand

-Listen critically

-listen actively

Plagiarism

Taking the intellectual work of someone else and presenting it as your own

Global Plagiarism

taking an entire work an claiming it as your own

Incremental Plagiarism

using a part of someones work without citing it

Patchwork Plagiarism

taking bits and pieces from several sources, putting them together, and presenting them as your own without citing the sources

Patchworking

taking original material, changing a few words, and not citing the source

Best Ethical Practices

-Don’t plagiarize

-Don’t heckle speakers

-Balance simplicity and complexity

-Avoid profanity

Gender-Inclusive Language

language that avoids gendered terms such as he, she, man, or woman

Reasons to Avoid Gendered Language

-it excludes people

-it assumes there is a difference in qualifications

Impromptu Speaking

a speech given with very little preparation, where the speaker usually has some prior knowledge of the topic

Extemporaneous Speaking

a speech prepared in advance, but delivered with minimal use of speaking notes

Manuscript Speaking

a memorized speech where everything said is scripted ahead of the presentation

Keep in mind when choosing a topic

-your purpose

-your interests

-your time limit

Preparation Outline

a full sentence outline that visually represents the flow of your speech based on the information you have gathered while preparing

Speaking Outline

a shortened version of the preparation outline that does nit rely on full sentences unless you are directly quoting a source

Impromptu speaking has

no notes

Extemporaneous Speaking uses

notecards with brief summaries of your talking points

Manuscript speaking will have

your speech displayed for you to read

Public Speaking in Education

-teachers use impromptu speaking to answer questions

AND

-extemporaneous speaking to deliver lessons

Public Speaking in Stem

-extemporaneous speaking to give presentations, apply for grants, and to present reports

Public Speaking in Business Settings

-extemporaneous speaking to give proposals

-Impromptu speaking when doing in†reviews

Speech Anxiety

the nervous feeling many people feel when they engage in public speaking

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

a cycle of psyching yourself out, failing, and then reinforcing your failure

Coping

finding effective ways to deal with difficult problems

Steps to Reduce Anxiety

-Practice

-Prepare

-Take care of yourself

-Find a practice routine

Steps to have a Positive Mentality

-Fake it til you make it

-make good self-fulfilling prophecies

-learn from your mistakes

Being a good audience member can

help others cope with speech anxiety

The parts of your presentation that need to stand out

-your thesis

-the main supporting points

-the conclusion you draw

Chunking

taking small pieces of information and putting them together in a larger chunk so you can easily remember them

Chunking helps the speaker

remember what concepts to talk about

Chunking helps the audience

remember sections of the speech that were brought up together

Effective Transitions

-Internal Summary

-Sign Post

-Internal Preview

Internal Summary

a brief summary of the information you delivered in the point you just concluded

Sign Post

a statement that lets your audience know you are moving from one part of the speech to the next

Internal Preview

a statement that outlines the information you will present in the next point

Transition

a statement that connects 2 different parts of a speech together

5

Introduce _____ new concepts in a presentation

Steps to Effective Speaking Notes

-Readable notes

-Practice using your notes

-Use shorthand for your notes

Topic should be

-interesting

-researchable

-relatable

Outline Components

-Introduction that introduces ur topic, thesis, and main points

-Body that states your main points that prove your thesis

-Conclusion that restates your thesis, summarizes your main points, and wraps up all information

Works cited

an organized list telling the sources used in a written presentation

Source

where you found specific information that is in your presentation

Qualified Source

a source that minimizes conflicts of interest while maximizing factual information and providing sufficient context for the information

How to Know if a Source is Qualified

-How old is the information?

-Who created the information?

-Who paid for the information?

In-Text Citation

a brief reference to the original author of the information being used

Verbal Citation

verbally telling your audience where the information you are referencing comes from

Reference Page

another name for a works cited page