Studied by 4 people
primary structure
structure of a protein that refers to the specific sequence of amino acids that are joined together to form a polypeptide chain
secondary structure
structure of a protein that refers to the local folding patterns that occur within a polypeptide chain
alpha helices
a type of secondary protein structure that forms coils or helix with a right-hand twist
beta-pleated sheets
a type of secondary protein structure that forms pleats
tertiary structure
structure that gives rise to the overall 3D shape of the protein
hydrogen bonds
weak intermolecular force that exists when electronegativity creates a polar covalent bond that can from between polar R-groups in the tertiary structure
ionic bonds
electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions that can form between charged R-groups in the tertiary structure
disulfide covalent bonds
covalent bonds that form between pairs of cysteine amino acid residues which contain sulfur atoms that form in the tertiary structure
hydrophobic interactions
interactions between non-polar amino acids that clump together in hydrophobic clusters in the tertiary structure
myoglobin
a globular protein found in muscle tissue that binds and stores oxygen
hemoglobin
a globular protein responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body
quaternary structure
structure of the protein that refers to the arrangement and interactions of two of more polypeptide chains to form a functional protein
conjugated protein
proteins that contain a non-protein component such as a metal ion or a carbohydrate
non-conjugated protein
proteins that consist only of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
globular proteins
complex proteins that are usually spherical in shape with irregular folds
fibrous proteins
structural proteins that have an elongated shape
collagen
a fibrous proteins that provides strength and support to tissues in the body
intracellular enzyme-catalyses reactions
metabolic reactions that take place inside the cell and are catalyses by enzymes that are produced by free ribosomes
extracellular enzyme-catalyses reactions
metabolic reactions that take place outside the cell and are catalyses by enzymes that are produced by bound ribosomes and secreted outside the cell by exocytosis
glycolysis
the process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate to produce atp
krebs cycle
the series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondrion and produce atp, nadph, and fadph
linear reactions
metabolic pathways where the substrate is not recycled
cyclic reactions
metabolic pathways in which the substrate is recycled
competitive inhibition
a mechanism in which the inhibitor competes with the substrate to bind with the active site
non-competitive inhibition
a mechanism of inhibition where the inhibitor binds to an allosteric site away from the active site
allosteric site
a regulatory site in the enzyme that is away from the active site where non-competitive inhibitors bind
end-product inhibition
a mechanism of inhibition where the end-product acts as a non-competitive inhibitor
mechanism-based inhibition
a mechanism of inhibition where the inhibitor binds permanently to the active site
nad
a coenzyme that plays a key role in cellular respiration by carrying electrons from one reaction to another
coenzyme
a non-protein molecule that helps enzymes carry out their functions
redox reactions
chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between molecules
oxidiser
a molecule that causes another molecule to lose electrons
dehydrogenation
a chemical reaction in which a hydrogen is removed from a molecule
oxidative phosphorylation
the prices of producing atp through the transfer of electrons from nadh and fadh to oxygen, which creatives a protein gradient that drives atp synthase
pyruvate
a molecule that is produced from the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis and is the starting molecule for cellular respiration
lysis
a chemical reaction where a molecule is split by breaking one or more bonds
substrate-level phosphorylation
the process of producing atp by transferring a phosphate group directly from a substrate molecule to adp
lactic acid fermentation
a type of anaerobic respiration in which private is converted to lactate, producing atp and nad
decarboxylation
the removal of a carboxyl group from a molecule forming a molecule of carbon dioxide
alcohol fermentation
a type of anaerobic respiration in which private is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide, producing atp and nad
link reaction
the process by which private is converted to acetyl coa before entering the krebs cycle
matrix of mitochondria
enclosed region of the inner membrane of mitochondria containing enzymes and products for krebs cycle
oxidative decarboxylation
the process of removing a carbonyl group from a molecule while also transferring electrons to nad
acetyl coa
acetyl coenzyme a is a molecule that is provided from the breakdown of pyruvate and is the starting molecule of the krebs cccl
oxaloacetate
a 4-carbon molecule that is an intermediate in the krebs cycle and is combined with acetate to form citrate
citrate/citric acid
a 6-carbon intermediate molecule that is formed from the combination of acetate and oxaloacetate in the krebs cycle
fad
a coenzyme that carries electrons from one reaction to another in the electron transport chain
electron transport chain
a series of protein complexes in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that transfer electrons and pump protons to create a protein gradient
atp synthase
an enzyme that used the energy from the protein gradient created by the electron transport chain to synthesise atp
chemiosmosis
the process by which energy stored in the proton gradient is used to produce atp
terminal electron acceptor
the molecule that receives the electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
photosystems
molecular arrays of chlorophyll and accessory pigments within protein complexes found in the membranes within chloroplasts
reaction centre
a specific protein complex within a photo system where light energy is converted into chemical energy
photoactivation
the activation of a molecule or system through the absorption of light energy
photolysis
the splitting of water molecules to give up their electrons to the reaction Centro
photophosphorylation
the process of generating ATP using light energy
thylakoid membrane space
the region between the thylakoid membranes within the chloroplast
electrochemical gradient
the difference in chemical concentration and charge of ions across a membrane
ferredoxin
a protein found in chloroplasts containing iron and sulfur, which acts as an electron transfer agent in photosynthesis
nadp
a coenzyme that plays a key role in cellular respiration by carrying electrons from one reaction to another
grana
stack of thylakoid membranes in plant chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll
calvin cycle
a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the storms of chloroplasts that involves the fixation of carbon dioxide, reduction of carbon compounds and regeneration of rubp, leading to the production of carbohydrates
rubp
a 5-carbon molecule that combines with carbon dioxide in a reaction catalyses by the enzyme rubisco to initiate the process of carbon fixation
rubisco
an enzyme that catalyses the addition of carbon dioxide to rubp during the calvin cycle
pga
a 3-carbon molecule that is produced during the carbon fixation stage of the calvin cycle
g3p/triose phosphate
a 3-carbon molecule produced during the calvin cycle of photosynthesis
transition state
a state of energy that is reached by reactants in order for the reaction to take place
