IB Bio - Metabolic Reactions HL

primary structure

structure of a protein that refers to the specific sequence of amino acids that are joined together to form a polypeptide chain

secondary structure

structure of a protein that refers to the local folding patterns that occur within a polypeptide chain

alpha helices

a type of secondary protein structure that forms coils or helix with a right-hand twist

beta-pleated sheets

a type of secondary protein structure that forms pleats

tertiary structure

structure that gives rise to the overall 3D shape of the protein

hydrogen bonds

weak intermolecular force that exists when electronegativity creates a polar covalent bond that can from between polar R-groups in the tertiary structure

ionic bonds

electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions that can form between charged R-groups in the tertiary structure

disulfide covalent bonds

covalent bonds that form between pairs of cysteine amino acid residues which contain sulfur atoms that form in the tertiary structure

hydrophobic interactions

interactions between non-polar amino acids that clump together in hydrophobic clusters in the tertiary structure

myoglobin

a globular protein found in muscle tissue that binds and stores oxygen

hemoglobin

a globular protein responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body

quaternary structure

structure of the protein that refers to the arrangement and interactions of two of more polypeptide chains to form a functional protein

conjugated protein

proteins that contain a non-protein component such as a metal ion or a carbohydrate

non-conjugated protein

proteins that consist only of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

globular proteins

complex proteins that are usually spherical in shape with irregular folds

fibrous proteins

structural proteins that have an elongated shape

collagen

a fibrous proteins that provides strength and support to tissues in the body

intracellular enzyme-catalyses reactions

metabolic reactions that take place inside the cell and are catalyses by enzymes that are produced by free ribosomes

extracellular enzyme-catalyses reactions

metabolic reactions that take place outside the cell and are catalyses by enzymes that are produced by bound ribosomes and secreted outside the cell by exocytosis

glycolysis

the process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate to produce atp

krebs cycle

the series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondrion and produce atp, nadph, and fadph

linear reactions

metabolic pathways where the substrate is not recycled

cyclic reactions

metabolic pathways in which the substrate is recycled

competitive inhibition

a mechanism in which the inhibitor competes with the substrate to bind with the active site

non-competitive inhibition

a mechanism of inhibition where the inhibitor binds to an allosteric site away from the active site

allosteric site

a regulatory site in the enzyme that is away from the active site where non-competitive inhibitors bind

end-product inhibition

a mechanism of inhibition where the end-product acts as a non-competitive inhibitor

mechanism-based inhibition

a mechanism of inhibition where the inhibitor binds permanently to the active site

nad

a coenzyme that plays a key role in cellular respiration by carrying electrons from one reaction to another

coenzyme

a non-protein molecule that helps enzymes carry out their functions

redox reactions

chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between molecules

oxidiser

a molecule that causes another molecule to lose electrons

dehydrogenation

a chemical reaction in which a hydrogen is removed from a molecule

oxidative phosphorylation

the prices of producing atp through the transfer of electrons from nadh and fadh to oxygen, which creatives a protein gradient that drives atp synthase

pyruvate

a molecule that is produced from the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis and is the starting molecule for cellular respiration

lysis

a chemical reaction where a molecule is split by breaking one or more bonds

substrate-level phosphorylation

the process of producing atp by transferring a phosphate group directly from a substrate molecule to adp

lactic acid fermentation

a type of anaerobic respiration in which private is converted to lactate, producing atp and nad

decarboxylation

the removal of a carboxyl group from a molecule forming a molecule of carbon dioxide

alcohol fermentation

a type of anaerobic respiration in which private is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide, producing atp and nad

link reaction

the process by which private is converted to acetyl coa before entering the krebs cycle

matrix of mitochondria

enclosed region of the inner membrane of mitochondria containing enzymes and products for krebs cycle

oxidative decarboxylation

the process of removing a carbonyl group from a molecule while also transferring electrons to nad

acetyl coa

acetyl coenzyme a is a molecule that is provided from the breakdown of pyruvate and is the starting molecule of the krebs cccl

oxaloacetate

a 4-carbon molecule that is an intermediate in the krebs cycle and is combined with acetate to form citrate

citrate/citric acid

a 6-carbon intermediate molecule that is formed from the combination of acetate and oxaloacetate in the krebs cycle

fad

a coenzyme that carries electrons from one reaction to another in the electron transport chain

electron transport chain

a series of protein complexes in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that transfer electrons and pump protons to create a protein gradient

atp synthase

an enzyme that used the energy from the protein gradient created by the electron transport chain to synthesise atp

chemiosmosis

the process by which energy stored in the proton gradient is used to produce atp

terminal electron acceptor

the molecule that receives the electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

photosystems

molecular arrays of chlorophyll and accessory pigments within protein complexes found in the membranes within chloroplasts

reaction centre

a specific protein complex within a photo system where light energy is converted into chemical energy

photoactivation

the activation of a molecule or system through the absorption of light energy

photolysis

the splitting of water molecules to give up their electrons to the reaction Centro

photophosphorylation

the process of generating ATP using light energy

thylakoid membrane space

the region between the thylakoid membranes within the chloroplast

electrochemical gradient

the difference in chemical concentration and charge of ions across a membrane

ferredoxin

a protein found in chloroplasts containing iron and sulfur, which acts as an electron transfer agent in photosynthesis

nadp

a coenzyme that plays a key role in cellular respiration by carrying electrons from one reaction to another

grana

stack of thylakoid membranes in plant chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll

calvin cycle

a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the storms of chloroplasts that involves the fixation of carbon dioxide, reduction of carbon compounds and regeneration of rubp, leading to the production of carbohydrates

rubp

a 5-carbon molecule that combines with carbon dioxide in a reaction catalyses by the enzyme rubisco to initiate the process of carbon fixation

rubisco

an enzyme that catalyses the addition of carbon dioxide to rubp during the calvin cycle

pga

a 3-carbon molecule that is produced during the carbon fixation stage of the calvin cycle

g3p/triose phosphate

a 3-carbon molecule produced during the calvin cycle of photosynthesis

transition state

a state of energy that is reached by reactants in order for the reaction to take place