Reproductive System (not done)

How can you diagnose zeralenone?

History, C/S

ID of mold on feed

Feed testing (need at least 1 pound)

What are phytoestrogens?

Plant derived non-steroidal compounds that mimic estrogen

Only a problem when a large portion of diet

What are some sources of phytoestrogens?

Alfalfa, some clovers, vetch, legumes

What are the C/S of phytoestrogens?

Infertiity, cystic hyperplasia of cervix, loss of libido (males), feminizing (males), enlarged uterus and mammary glands, abnormal repro cycle

How do you diagnose phytoestrogens?

Feed testing/analyze diet (some VDLs have phytoestrogen panels)

Remove from source

History/C/S

What are the effects of avocado tox?

Sterile mastitis in lactating mammals/agalactia

Also myocardial necrosis, GI upset

What is the MOA of avocado?

Persin in fruit, leaves, stems, and seeds (Leaves most toxic)

Causes coagulation necrosis of secretory acinar epitheium

What does a low vs high dose of avocado do?

Low dose mastitis/agalactia

High dose mocardial damage

What are the C/S of avocado?

Sterile mastitis and agalactia

How do you diagnose avocado?

History and C/S

No test for it specifically

How do you treat avocado tox?

Avoid exposure

Prognosis is guarded if cardiac signs develop

Milk production rarely returns to normal

What is the main Veratrum?

Veratrum californicum

What species is most sensitive to Veratrum?

Sheep

What is the MOA of veratrum?

Cyclopamine is a steroidal alkaloid that disrupts neural tube formation if exposed in early pregnancy

What species are affected by Nicotiana (tobacco) most?

Cattle and swine but can be sheep and goats

What is the MOA of tobacco?

Nicotine and anabasine block nicotinic Ach receptors leading to stimulatory effects

Teratogenic effects are due to inhibition of fetal development

What is the main toxin with tobacco?

Anabasine

What is poison hemlock?

Conium maculatum

What is the MOA of poison hemlock?

Coniine is a piperidine alkaloid and a nicotinic Ach receptor antagonist causing paralysis

Cross placenta and disrupts fetal movement

What are the C/S of poison hemlock in newborns?

Artrogryposis

Crooked limbs

Cleft palate

Scoliosis

How do you diagnose poision hemlock?

ID in field or GI content

Prevention with better forage offered (not palatable)

What are susceptible to lupine?

Cattle (goats are resistant)

When are the teratogenic effects of lupine?

40-70 days

What is the MOA of lupine?

Quinolizidine alkaloids desensitize fetal nicotinic Ach muscle receptors inhibiting fetal activity/movement

What are the C/S of lupine?

Crooked calf syndrome

• Crooked legs

• Cleft palate

• Twisted spine

• Fused joints

How do you diagnose lupine?

ID in field

History C/S

Prevention

What are the effects of locoweed?

Abortion and disruption of reprocycle

Neuro damage

Emaciation

Congestive RSHF (high altitidue)

What is locoweed?

Astragalus and Oxytropis

What is the MOA of locoweed?

Swainsonine inhibits alpha D mannosidase causing a lysosomal storage disorder leading to hormone/endocrine dysfunction

What are the C/S of locoweed?

Fetal death, low birth weight, abortion, skeletal malformations, delayed estrous, lengthened cycles, altered oogenesis

How do you diagnose locoweed?

Remove from source (recovery can take 70 days)

History and C/S

Prevention

What is susceptible to gossypol?

Monogastric mostly, immature ruminants and poultry are most common

What causes gossypol?

Chronic exposure and is produced in cotton plant’s glands

What are the forms of gossypol?

Free-form: most toxic and forms complexes in rumen of mature animals (not as susceptible)

Protein-bound

What are sources of gossypol?

Feed with whole cotton seeds, whole cottonseed oil, cottonseed hulls, cottonseed meal

What is the MOA of gossypol?

Inhibits lactate DH in sperm cells reducing sperm development and motility

Can also bind to tubulin and further reduce motility

What are the C/S of gossypol?

Repro related: decreased testicular volume, azoospermia, decreased motility

Heart related: sudden death from electrolyte disturbance, heart failure, dyspnea

What pine is toxi?

Ponderosa pine

What is the MOA of pines?

isocupressic acid decreases uterine blood flow leading to fetal death and inhibits progesterone production leading to death

What are the types of broomweed?

Broom snakeweed or threadleaf snakeweed

When is broomweed most toxic?

Late winter, early spring in sandy soils

What is at risk for broomweed?

Grazing animals especially cattle

What is the MOA of brromweed?

Saponins, mono and diterpenes, and oxygenated flavanol methyl esters

Exact abortifacient not known (no diagnostic test)

What are the C/S of broomweed?

Abortion, stillbirth, retained placenta, weak offspring

How do you diagnose broomweed?

History and C/S

Field ID

Prevention is best

What species is most susceptible to nitrate?

Ruminants

What are sources of nitrate?

Plants with excess nitrate usually drought-related

Fertilizers

Water

What is he MOA of nitrate?

Nitrate converted to toxic nitrite via rumen bacteria decreasing oxygen carry capacity and causing death

A chronic exposure will lead to abortion

What is a common history for nitrate?

Acute death of several cattle

What are the C/S of nitrate?

Dark, chocolate-colored mucus membranes

Abortion

Dyspnea, respiratory distress

Ataxia, lethargy, incoordination

Diarrhea, vomitin

Anxiety, seizures, collapse

How do you diagnose nitrate?

Nitrate detection with colorimetric screens and ICP (use ocular fluid, serum, feed, water)

How do you treat nitrate?

Methylene blue IV

Other symptoms

Will survive if they make it 24 hours

What are sources of carbon monoxide?

Fires, water/gas heaters

Poor ventilation with gas heaters utilized

What is the MOA of carbon monoxide?

CO is inhaled binding to hemoglobin better than O2

This leads to hypoxia

Fetal hemoglobin has higher affinity for CO than adult hemoglobin