Republic to restored and limited monarchy 1649-78, chapter 3

14- consolidation of the Republic

When did the Rump vote to abolish the monarchy and it’s apparatus?

February 1649- the republic was made. Formalised in May in the House of Lords

When/ What was the Engagement Act?

January 1650, all adult males to declare loyalty to the Commonwealth

What was the Engagement Act reinforced by in July 1650?

Treason Act- made it illegal to deny authority of the new regime

The outcome of the Engagement act?

-impossible to enforce- sought to establish it on some legal basis which depended on whether the Rump survive

What did Argyll, the leader of the Scots Covenanters, immediately do after the execution of his father?

Declared Charles Stuart as Charles II of Scotland

What did Charles arrival in Scotland mean?

another Scottish invasion was imminent

What did the Rump decide to do upon Charles accepting the Covenant in return for military aid to invade England?

strike first

Why did Fairfax refuse to lead the invasion of Scotland?

-he became increasingly concerned about the radicalisation of the army, stood aloof from developments that led to regicide and objected strike against the scots

Who became commander-in-chief of the army in Fairfax’s place?

Cromwell

In Dunbar, what was Cromwell’s invasion force reduced to by September 1650?

16,300-11,000

What happened to Cromwell’s weakened force when he retreated and planned to ship them back to England?

was pinned down by Scots army 2x their size

Who led the London radicals in prayer for Cromwell’s hopeless position in Dunbar?

Thomas Harrison

When was the Battle of Dunbar?

3 September 1650

Despite initial weakness, what did Cromwell achieve at the Battle of Dunbar?

-defeated the 2x size Scottish army

-3000 scots killed, 10,000 captured

Who did Cromwell give credit for his victory at Dunbar?

the hand of God

What was Cromwell’s victory at Dunbar mainly a result of?

Leslie’s strategic mistakes and the surprise attack of the English

What were the factors of the NMA’s victory?

1. Religious motivation-confidence

2. English sea power- forces could be resupplied

3. England’s stronger economy

Who was put in charge of the scots army after their failure at Dunbar?

Charles Stuart

When did Lambert attack the main Scottish army at Inverkeithing?

1651

What did Lambert achieve at Invertheithing?

killed 2000 Scots, took 1400 prisoners

How did Cromwell take advantage of Lambert’s victory at Inverkeithing?

-established English control in Perth

-NMA forces where behind Charles’- retreat back to Scotland was blocked

-opposing forces in Enland were less trained eg the militia and new recruits, so Charles had a path to England

How many troops did Cromwell land in Ireland with to impose English Protestant control?

10,000, August 1649

What did Cromwell plan to do in Ireland?

-punish Catholics for their 1641 rebellion- also exploit Ireland financially by the new regime

-clear stance in his declaration to the Irish Catholic clergy, Jan 1650

What was Cromwell’s most infamous siege in Ireland?

Drogheda and Wexford

What did Cromwell want for his campaign in Ireland?

-destruction of the Irish Catholics as a serious threat to English authority so that he could face Scotland’s threat

What did Cromwell do in Ireland between August 1649-May 1650?

-series of bloody sieges so that they wouldn’t resist

-war crimes, religious persecution, ethnic cleansing on a dramatic scale

-massacre of thousands by the NMA

Who of Cromwell’s relatives was left to impose English control in Ireland until 1660 when he left for England in May 1650?

his son-in-law Henry Ireton

What was Charles Stuart keen to achieve in England?

invade England with the help of Scottish royalist forces of 20,000 and secure the English throne by securing London

What are some obstacles Charles’ forces faced when attempting to invade England?

-desertions from the force meant only 13,000 troops crossed the boarder

-army of Scots had little English support

-Leslie- Scottish general- uncommitted to invasion

What are some more obstacles Charles’ forces faced when attempting to invade England?

-republic’s intelligence network able to foil various of their plots to overthrow them.

-a rising in Norfolk, December 1650 quickly suppressed

-secured no foreign aid for his invasion

What did Charles Stuart face when he crossed the border?

-faced 4000 troops led by generals of the NMA, Lambert and Harrison

-although outnumbered, the generals steered the scottish forces south, allowing Cromwell and the NMA to coordinate

-it was then the Royalists who were outnumbered when Charles troops didn’t move from Worcester

How did Charles attempted invasion of England end?

-long and bitter struggle in Worcester until Charles fled for the Continent, leaving his troops behind

-3,000 Royalists died, only 200 of NMA

What victories saved the Rump in the short term?

-Ireland, Scotland and Worcester with Charles attempted invasion

-meant Cromwell was the dominant figure

What was the political consequence of the NMA’S successful campaigns?

-NMAs leaders believed they were God’s instruments- pushed conservative Rump politicians to usher reform

-tension between Parliament and the army led to Cromwell’s removal of the Rump

When did Cromwell remove the Rump?

1653