Module 9-Chapter 22

Homeostasis Defining the organs and organ system Regulation Structure and function (anatomy and the physiology) Reproduction and Development

Anatomy

The study of the structures that make up a complex multicellular body.

Physiology

The science that focuses on the functions of anatomical structures.

Tissue

A group of cells that function in an integrated manner to perform a unique set of tasks in the body.

Epithelial tissue

A tissue that covers organs and lines body cavities.

Connective tissue

A tissue that binds and supports tissues and organs.

Muscle tissue

A tissue that generates force by contracting.

Nervous tissue

A tissue that communicates and processes information.

Organ

A collection of different types of tissues that form a functional unit with a distinctive shape and location in the body.

Organ system

A network of organs that work in a closely coordinated manner to perform a distinct set of functions in the body.

Homeostasis

The process of maintaining constant internal conditions.

Homeostatic pathways

The sequence of steps that reestablishes homeostasis if there is any departure from the genetically determined normal state of a particular internal characteristic.

Set point

The genetically determined normal state of any physical or chemical characteristic of the body's internal environment.

Feedback loops

The output or results of a process that either decrease (negative feedback) or increase (positive feedback) the steps of that process.

Negative feedback

The output or results of a process that decrease their own output.

Positive feedback

The output or results of a process that increase their own output.

Reproductive system

The organ system that generates gametes \and may also support fertilization and prenatal development.

Sperm

The male gamete.

Eggs

The female gamete.

Oogenesis

The series of cell divisions in human females that results in an egg.

Spermatogenesis

The series of cell divisions in human males that results in sperm.

Ovaries

Either of a pair of female reproductive organs that produce eggs and estrogens in vertebrates.

Primary oocytes

An immature egg cell.

Testes

Either of a pair of male reproductive organs that produce sperm and androgens in vertebrates.The main male reproductive organs that are responsible for sperm production and the secretion of hormones such as testosterone.

Estrogens

Any of the hormones produced in the ovaries that play a role in determining female characteristics such as wide hips, a voice that is pitched higher than that of males, and the development of breast tissues.Estrogens include estradiol, estrone, and estriol, which regulate the menstrual cycle and reproductive system.

Estradiol

The primary estrogen. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and is involved in various reproductive processes.

Progestogens

Any of the hormones produced in the ovaries that have a number of functions in the female body, including thickening the lining of the uterus and increasing the blood supply to it to create a suitable environment for a developing fetus.

Progesterone

The primary progestogen. It is essential for the regulation of the menstrual cycle and maintaining early stages of pregnancy by preparing the uterus for implantation.

Androgens

Any of the hormones produced in the testes that stimulate cells to develop characteristics of maleness, such as beard growth and the production of sperm.

Testosterone

The primary androgen. It is responsible for the development of male sexual characteristics, including muscle mass and body hair, as well as the regulation of libido and sperm production.

Oviduct

The tube through which an egg travels from the ovary to the uterus.

Penis

The male reproductive organ that introduces sperm into a female or hermaphrodite sexual partner. The penis is also involved in urination in mammals.

Vaginia

The female reproductive organ that connects the uterus to the external genitalia.

Cervix

The lower portion of the uterus, which narrows and connects the uterus to the vagina.

Uterus

The female reproductive organ in which a fertilized egg implants and develops until birth.

Trimester

Any of the three defined stages of human pregnancy. Each trimester is about 3 months long.

Embryo

The earliest stage of development of an individual after fertilization, up to 2 months of age in humans.

Fetus

The second stage of development of an individual, from 2 months to birth in humans.

Oxytocin

A hormone—secreted by the fetus and, later in the birth process, by the mother's pituitary gland—that stimulates the uterine muscles and causes the placenta to secrete prostaglandins, which reinforce contractions.