Europe's reaction to the congress of Vienna between 1815 and 1848

What were the five national revolutions that took place in Europe before 1830?

1. Serbian

2. Greek

3. Belgian

4. Polish

5. French

Nationalism

a group of people who share the same language & values... and want independence

Liberalism

promotion of the rights & freedom of individuals

What were the new ideas that spread and tried to shake the foundations of the old order?

Liberal and nationalist

What were the gradual progressions towards Serbia's full independence? (Who were they revolting against, who was one of their leaders?)

The serbs revolted several times against Ottoman rule mainly during 1815-1817. Their revolt led by Duke Milos Obrenovic was successful and they were granted autonomy within the Ottoman empire. In 1830 serbia gained full independence

Who were the main actors in the Greek uprising?

1821 Greeks began uprsing against Ottoman rule. Supported by France, GB and other Western countries. Russia also supported it. The english romantic poet Lord Byron joined.

What was the culmination of the Greek revolt?

the joint naval coalition of Britain, France and Russia destroyed the Ottoman fleet in 1827, and in 1830 a treaty was signed that confirmed the independence of Greece

What were the motivations behind the actors in the Greek uprisings involvement?

France and GB : associated the Greek fight for freedom with Classical Greek culture that they admired

Russia : a common religion and it promoted it's own economic interests

What led to the Belgians feeling that they had to start an uprising?

Due to the congress of Vienna Belgium had become a part of the Netherlands. but the Belgians were catholic and spoke a different language than the Dutch.

How did the Belgian uprising go, and what was the consequence?

The uprising started in August 1830 achieved a quick and easy victory. Belgium became an independent country, with it's own liberal constitution and a new king, Leopold

Why did the Polish start a revolt, and how did it go? What was the consequence for the Polish kingdom?

the Poles revolted in November 1830. They wanted to end Russian rule. The uprising was defeated by the Russian army in May 1831. The Polish kingdom and all its institutions were abolished

What was the french revolution? What did this revolution chnage about the political organization?

Louis Phllipe was put on the throne. The bourgeoisie secured a political and social ascendancy that characterized the period known as the July monarchy 1830-48

What order pirated the french July revolution?

Charles X's publication of restrictive ordinances contrary to the spirit of the Charter of 1814

How did the July revolution play out?

Protests and demonstrations were followed by three days of fighting July 27-29, the abdication of Charles X August 2, and Louis Phillipe became king on August 9th

What happened during 1848-49? 

A massive wave of revolutions hit almost every European country, called the spring of nations

What started the wave of revolutions during 1848-49? 

Demands of liberals asking for more political representation and civil freedoms, and many other demands from different social classes 

What were the different social classes and why were they supporting the revolution? 

The  urban working class wanted a better life : they had either bad working conditions or were unemployed and in poverty. They were ready to support any radical solution that would better their position 

The peasants : many still lived under the feudal system 

Nationalist causes stirred the Hungarian, Czech, Irish… 

What led to the springtime of nations' failure? 

All these different groups were unable to coordinate their forces. Liberals were afraid of the radical demands of the working class’ radical demands. The working class felt that the liberals would rather find a compromise. So the armies of the former rulers crushed the rebellions and restored the old system

What was the only lasting change after the springtime of nations?

 The end of feudalism in the Habsburg Empire and Prussia

What was a disappointing thing that stayed the same, to the Hungarians and the Slavic nationalists? 

The Habsburg empire remained a multinational state governed centrally from Vienna 

What was established in France during the springtime of nations? What happened to it 

The second French republic was established, but the Republican government was short-lived 1848-1851. The nephew of Napoleon, Louis, became the president and later emperor of France