special senses- the chemical senses pt 1

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29 Terms

1
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what are the 5 special senses?

  1. Taste-gustation

  2. smell—olfaction

  3. hearing

  4. equilibrium

  5. vision

2
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which two special senses are considered chemical senses?

Gustation and olfaction

3
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what kind of environmental stimulus activates the chemical senses?

chemical molecules from food (taste) or air (smell)

4
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what bodily systems do the chemical senses affect besides sensory perception?

Gastric secretion, blood flow for digestion, insulin secretion, and metabolism

5
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True or false: taste and smell only influence flavor and food preference

False—they also affect digestion, blood flow, insulin, and metabolism

6
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what is gustation?

the sense of taste; detection of molecules dissolved in water (saliva)

7
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what are the chemical molecules that trigger taste called?

Tastants

8
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where are taste buds located?

mainly on the tongue, but also on cheeks, soft palate, pharynx, and epiglottis

9
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True or false: when you look at your tongue, you can see your taste buds

False; you are looking at tongue papillae, the taste buds are inside these papillae

10
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what must happen before a molecule can be tested?

It must dissolve in saliva and flood the taste pore

11
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what taste is triggered by metal ions like sodium and potassium?

salty

12
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which primary taste is associated with high-caloric carbohydrates?

sweet

13
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what triggers the umami taste?

amino acids (like those in chicken broth or soy sauce)

14
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what kind of chemicals cause bitter taste?

spoiled foods and alkaloids (nicotine, caffeine)

15
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True or false: water and fats are officially recognized as primary taste sensations.

False

16
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what types of tastes use G-protein-coupled receptors?

Sugars (sweet), alkaloids (bitter), and glutamate (umami)

17
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what types of tastes depolarize cells directly without using second messenger systems?

Sodium (salty) and Acids (sour)

18
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which is faster, G-protein coupling receptors or direct depolarization by entering the cell directly?

Direct depolarization (salty/sour)

19
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what cranial nerves carry taste signals?

Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), and Vagus (X)

20
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where do first-order gustatory neurons start and end?

cranial nerves to the medulla oblongata

21
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which brain areas control salivation and gagging?

Hypothalamus and amygdala

22
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where is the conscious perception of taste processed?

Gustatory Cortex

23
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Where is the emotional response to taste processed?

orbitofrontal cortex

24
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taste perception pathway, the medulla oblongata is the?

2nd-order neuron

25
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in taste perception pathway, the thalamus is the?

3rd order neuron

26
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in taste perception, the hypothalamus and amygdala produce?

the physical reaction like salivation or gagging

27
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in taste perception, the gustatory cortex produces?

the perception of taste

28
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in taste perception, the orbitofrontal cortex produces the?

emotional response

29
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